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Environmental and other factors known to influence risk for duodenal ulcer
| Environmental factors |
| Cigarette smoking |
| Medication with NSAIDs |
| Other factors |
| Genetic: Non‐secretion of ABO blood group antigens |
| Lewis blood group phenotype (a+) |
| Gender: Male (? Protective effects of hormones in women) |
| Metabolic: Hypercalcemia |
| Factors of uncertain significance |
| Variation in pepsin secretion |
| Gastric metaplasia in duodenal bulb |
