Table 2.
Countrywise representation of perceptions and behavioral changes among the survey respondents related to the COVID-19 outbreak.
| Perception or behavior and response | Overall (N=3371) | India (n=1342) | China (n=983) | Japan (n=377) | Italy (n=669) | P valuea | ||||||||
| First factorb | ||||||||||||||
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Health status, mean (SD) | 8.26 (3.36) | 9.43 (2.43) | 7.09 ( 2.92) | 6.81 (3.44) | 8.43 (2.56) | .01 | |||||||
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High, n (%) Medium, n (%) |
846 (25.1) | 556 (41.4) | 71 (7.2) | 69 (18.3) | 150 (22.4) |
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1062 (31.5) | 413 (30.8) | 350 (35.6) | 72 (19.1) | 225 (33.6) |
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Low, n (%) | 1463 (43.4) | 413 (30.8) | 562 (57.2) | 236 (62.6) | 294 (43.9) |
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Self-rated physical health, n (%) | <.001 | ||||||||||||
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Excellent/very good | 1357 (40.2) | 629 (46.9) | 467 (47.5) | 88 (23.3) | 173 (25.9) |
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Good | 1283 (38.1) | 573 (42.7) | 200 (20.3) | 135 (35.8) | 375 (56.0) |
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Poor/average | 731 (21.7) | 140 (10.4) | 316 (32.1) | 154 (40.8) | 121 (18.1) |
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Self-rated mental health, n (%) | <.001 | ||||||||||||
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Excellent/very good | 944 (28.0) | 645 (48.1) | 0 (0) | 93 (24.7) | 206 (30.8) |
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Good | 1670 (49.5) |
535 (39.9) | 642 (65.3) | 122 (32.4) | 371 (55.4) |
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Poor/average | 757 (22.5) | 162 (12.1) | 341 (34.7) | 162 (43.0) | 92 (13.8) |
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Self-rated sleep quality, n (%) | <.001 | ||||||||||||
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Good | 1787 (53.0) | 917 (68.3) | 429 (43.6) | 113 (29.9) | 328 (49.0) |
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Average | 1305 (38.7) |
354 (26.4) | 477 (48.5) | 234 (62.1) | 240 (35.9) |
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Poor | 279 (8.3) |
71 (5.3) | 77 (7.8) | 30 (8.0) | 101 (15.1) |
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Self-rated coping abilities, n (%) | <.001 | ||||||||||||
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Good | 1264 (37.5) | 672 (50.1) | 178 (18.1) | 131 (34.8) | 283 (42.3) |
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Average | 1492 (44.3) | 539 (40.1) | 516 (52.5) | 139 (36.8) | 298 (44.5) |
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Poor | 615 (18.2) | 131 (9.8) | 289 (29.4) | 107 (28.5) | 88 (13.2) |
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| Second factor , n (%) | ||||||||||||||
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Fear/anxiety related to COVID-19c | <.001 | ||||||||||||
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Not at all (positive) | 1380 (40.9) | 628 (46.8) | 470 (47.8) | 157 (41.6) | 125 (18.7) |
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Partially (intermediate) | 1829 (54.3) | 662 (49.3) | 485 (49.3) | 213 (56.5) | 469 (70.1) |
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Extremely (negative) | 162 (4.8) | 52 (3.9) | 28 (2.8) | 7 (1.9) | 75 (11.2) |
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Self-perception of low energy | <.001 | ||||||||||||
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Never | 1449 (43.0) | 667 (49.7) | 282 (28.7) | 239 (63.4) | 261 (39.0) |
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Sometimes | 1835 (54.5) | 641 (47.8) | 672 (68.4) | 132 (35.0) | 390 (58.3) |
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All the time | 87 (2.6) | 34 (2.5) | 29 (3.0) | 6 (1.6) | 18 (2.7) |
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Challenging response to sudden changes in living norms (coping flexibility) | <.001 | ||||||||||||
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Least/not at all/little | 845 (25.1) | 436 (32.5) | 221 (22.5) | 44 (11.7) | 144 (21.5) |
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Little | 1454 (43.1) | 417 (31.1) | 411 (41.8) | 317 (84.1) | 309 (46.2) |
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Extremely/somewhat | 1072 (31.8) | 489 (36.4) | 351 (35.7) | 16 (4.2) | 216 (32.3) |
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| Third factor, n (%) | ||||||||||||||
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Interpersonal relationshipsc | <.001 | ||||||||||||
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Increased | 1540 (45.7) | 733 (54.6) | 337 (34.3) | 183 (48.5) | 287 (42.9) |
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Not changed | 1572 (46.6) | 533 (39.7) | 550 (56.0) | 179 (47.5) | 310 (46.3) |
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Reduced | 259 (7.7) | 76 (5.7) | 96 (9.8) | 15 (4.0) | 72 (10.8) |
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Motivating influence of COVID-19 on lifestyle | <.001 | ||||||||||||
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Completely | 1175 (34.8) | 605 (45.1) | 217 (22.1) | 132 (35.0) | 221 (33.0) |
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Partially | 1919 (57.0) | 641 (47.8) | 695 (70.7) | 223 (59.2) | 360 (53.8) |
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Not at all | 277 (8.2) | 96 (7.1) | 71 (7.2) | 22 (5.8) | 88 (13.2) |
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Adoption of ≥2 healthy lifestyle choices | 2643 (78.4) | 1126 (83.9) | 750 (76.3) | 283 (75.1) | 485 (72.5) | <.001 | |||||||
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Adoption of healthy eating behavior | 1801 (53.4) | 867 (64.6) | 436 (44.4) | 137 (36.3) | 361 (54.0) | <.001 | ||||||
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Decreased dependency on and use of tobacco, alcohol, or any other substances | 3173 (94.1) | 1277 (95.2) | 918 (93.4) | 355 (94.1) | 623 (93.1) | <.001 | ||||||
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Increased engagement in exercise or similar activities | 2280 (67.6) | 910 (67.8) | 672 (68.4) | 272 (72.1) | 426 (63.7) | <.001 | ||||||
aCross-country comparisons for categorical variables were conducted using chi-square analysis; all the P values were significant.
bAn exploratory factor analysis using principal axis factoring and varimax rotation suggested that there were 3 factors present in the data. The first factor consisted of health-related perceptions; composite scores for perceived health were generated as summative scores of the included items.
cFor the remaining 2 factors, scales could not be formed; rather, the single items that were thought to best summarize the respective factors were considered for further association analyses.