Abstract
目的
综述巨大肩袖撕裂治疗的研究进展。
方法
广泛查阅国内外巨大肩袖撕裂治疗的相关文献,对治疗方法及疗效进行总结。
结果
巨大肩袖撕裂的治疗仍需要长期研究,治疗目标主要是改善患者临床症状,提高肩关节功能。随着关节镜技术的发展,关节镜下肩袖缝合修复已成为一项较成熟的技术,上关节囊重建及补片增强技术是当前研究的热点。对于肩袖损伤性关节病,反肩关节置换是最终手术选择。
结论
巨大肩袖撕裂以手术治疗为主,手术方法的选择需要结合患者年龄、肌肉条件等因素进行综合考虑。
Keywords: 巨大肩袖撕裂, 关节镜, 肩袖缝合修复, 补片增强技术, 上关节囊重建, 反肩关节置换
Abstract
Objective
To review the research progress of treatment for massive rotator cuff tears.
Methods
The domestic and foreign literature about the treatment of massive rotator cuff tears was reviewed. The methods and effectiveness were extensively summarized.
Results
The treatment of massive rotator cuff tears still needs long-term research to promote its continuous improvement. The main goal of treatment is to relieve the symptoms and improve the shoulder joint function. With the development of arthroscopic technique, arthroscopic repair of rotator cuff tears has become a mature surgical protocol. Among these techniques, superior capsule reconstruction and patch augmentation for massive rotator cuff tears acquire more attention in recent years. As for rotator cuff arthropathy, reverse shoulder arthroplasty is considered to be a final choice.
Conclusion
Surgical treatment is the main choice for massive rotator cuff tears. Patients’ age and muscle condition should be taken into consideration to decide the surgical technique.
Keywords: Massive rotator cuff tear, arthroscopy, rotator cuff suture repair, patch augmentation, superior capsule reconstruction, reverse shoulder arthroplasty
巨大肩袖撕裂占全部肩袖撕裂的 40% 左右[1],如损伤后未获得积极治疗,随着病情逐渐进展及组织退变,最终会发展成为不可修复撕裂。巨大肩袖撕裂治疗的主要目标是改善患者症状,提高肩关节功能,目前主要治疗方法包括保守治疗以及肩袖缝合、关节囊重建、关节置换等手术治疗。随着缝合技术以及各种补片技术的发展,巨大肩袖撕裂的治疗取得了多方面进展,现就相关研究进展作一综述,为临床选择治疗方法、提高治疗效果提供参考。
1. 保守治疗
保守治疗适用于肩关节疼痛但尚存一定活动度的患者。此类患者肩关节尚存具有良好代偿作用的力偶,而保守治疗主要是通过专业物理治疗,增强未撕裂的肩袖、三角肌以及肩胛周围肌肉力量,理论上可以维持现存力偶,进而防止病情发展为肩袖损伤性关节病。2017 年,一项 Meta 分析研究提示在综合考虑费用与并发症因素时,保守治疗可作为肩袖损伤的初步选择[2]。Thorsness 等[3] 提到在保守治疗过程中,可以在肩峰下间隙注射糖皮质激素来缓解炎症反应。另外一类适合保守治疗的患者是年龄大、功能要求低,临床上满足手术标准但是缺乏主观手术意愿者。
保守治疗的主要目的是缓解症状,远期效果往往不理想。当保守治疗患者再次出现肩部症状时,很可能已进展至肩袖损伤性关节病。因此,对于大多数巨大肩袖撕裂患者,手术治疗是更好的选择。
2. 手术治疗
2.1. 术前评估
巨大肩袖撕裂往往伴有脂肪浸润、肌腱回缩,组织条件较差,术前需要对肩袖情况进行详细评估。脂肪浸润通常采用斜矢状位 CT 或 MRI 图像,根据 Goutallier 分级标准进行评估[4-5];其中,0 级为无脂肪浸润,1 级为肌肉内少量脂肪,2 级为脂肪量少于肌肉量,3 级为脂肪量与肌肉量一样,4 级为脂肪量多于肌肉量。肌腱回缩程度通常采用 Patte 分期进行评估[6],1 期为肌腱断端轻微回缩,2 期为肌腱断端回缩至足印区内、尚未达关节盂水平,3 期为肌腱断端回缩至关节盂水平。骨关节炎情况通常采用 Hamada 分级[7]进行评估,1 级为轻微影像学改变,2 级为肩峰下间距<6 mm,3 级为肩峰侵蚀和臼窝化,4 级为盂肱关节炎,5 级为肱骨头坏死。
2.2. 术式选择
肩袖撕裂手术治疗可以分为清理、修复、重建三大类。清理手术主要包括肩峰下减压、肱二头肌腱长头切断或固定;修复手术主要包括肩袖缝合以及补片修复;重建手术包括肌腱转位、关节囊重建、关节置换。手术方式可以分为传统切开、小切口、关节镜辅助与全关节镜下手术。
2.2.1. 传统切开手术
传统切开缝合手术是早期治疗巨大肩袖撕裂常用方法,通常在三角肌前侧作切口,分离暴露后缝合固定肩袖;手术要点是充分松解肌腱,并采用缝线缝合肩袖。Gerber 等[8]报道了切开缝合治疗巨大肩袖撕裂的早期疗效,他们采用穿骨技术对肩袖进行缝合固定,获得较好早期疗效并且肩袖再撕裂率较低。Zumstein 等[9]的一项随访长达 10 年的研究表明,切开缝合手术可以取得有效且持续的临床疗效。他们总结肌腱的脂肪浸润程度会随着时间延长而进展,同时术前与撕裂肌腱相连的肌肉在术后更容易退变。Bishop 等[10]进行了一项前瞻性研究,通过 MRI 评估切开缝合术后肩袖再撕裂情况,结果提示术前肩袖撕裂<3 cm 的患者术后再撕裂率较低。切开缝合手术需要分离三角肌,因此理论上比关节镜手术更易发生术后疼痛及关节僵硬。但是长期随访研究提示,该术式治疗巨大肩袖损伤能获得长期且稳定的临床疗效,患者肩关节功能明显改善[11]。
随着关节镜技术的发展,巨大肩袖撕裂缝合修复已较少采用切开手术。本课题组既往采用切开缝合治疗伴继发性肩关节僵硬且关节间隙明显狭窄的巨大肩袖撕裂,取得了良好早期临床疗效。因此,我们认为对于关节间隙狭窄、关节镜手术难度较大的患者,可以选择切开缝合手术。
2.2.2. 关节镜下手术
关节镜下治疗巨大肩袖撕裂术式包括单纯清理、部分修复、完全缝合等。关节镜下单纯清理术主要包括清理滑囊、撕裂肩袖残端,采取减压术清理炎性滑膜,同时行肩峰成型术。单纯清理术处理后患者肩关节疼痛症状可得到缓解,功能获得一定程度改善,但与切开缝合手术或关节镜下缝合术相比,患者功能改善程度较小,因此该术式仅适用于对功能要求不高的老年患者。
关节镜下缝合修复巨大肩袖撕裂是目前临床应用较多的术式,术后患者功能改善明显。手术技术有单排缝合、双排缝合、双排缝合桥等,研究证明双排技术比单排技术具有更好的生物力学优势以及较低的再撕裂率[12-13]。关节镜下缝合修复存在以下值得注意及探讨的问题:① 关于肱二头肌腱的处理:对于年龄偏大、术后功能要求低的患者,可在修复肩袖同时对肱二头肌腱长头行肌腱切断术;反之可行肌腱固定术。② 关于间隙滑移技术:前方间隙滑移技术最早由 Tauro[14]提出,主要指松解肩袖间隙和喙肱韧带,使冈上肌腱从内侧向外侧增加 1~2 cm 移动程度,通常在治疗回缩严重的巨大肩袖撕裂中使用。2004 年 Lo 等[15]提出了双滑移技术,以同时增加冈下肌腱的移动度。但有学者认为双滑移技术因同时松解了冈上肌与冈下肌的后方间隙,会影响冈上肌腱的血供,甚至损伤神经[16]。③ 关于关节囊松解技术:尸体研究证明[17],单独松解上关节囊或喙肱韧带可以为固定后的肩袖在外展位减少约 25% 的张力,而同时松解上方关节囊以及喙肱韧带可以减少约 44% 的张力。④ 缝合程度:由于巨大肩袖撕裂患者肌腱质量往往较差,完全按照肩袖解剖止点进行原位固定难度较大。为此,1997 年 Burkhart[18]提出了巨大肩袖撕裂部分修复的概念,旨在改善肩袖生物力学条件,从而改善患者临床症状,但是部分修复术后再撕裂率较高[19]。而且,生物力学研究表明部分修复会改变肩部的力学环境,影响正常运动状态[20]。因此,关节镜下部分修复术式主要适用于力偶条件允许、对功能要求较低的患者。如果患者肌腱弹性较好且回缩不严重,应尽量进行完全缝合。2020 年 Besnard 等[21]通过比较 86 例患者随访结果,发现不论巨大肩袖撕裂的类型、是否存在脂肪浸润或假性麻痹,部分修复和完全修复均能获得满意的长期疗效。该研究提示巨大肩袖撕裂即使不能完全修复,也应首先考虑关节镜下部分修复。值得注意的是,肩袖损伤也会伴有神经损伤。研究表明巨大肩袖撕裂患者冈上肌腱、冈下肌腱回缩会导致肩胛上神经过度牵拉,继而引起肩胛上神经病变。关节镜下肩袖修复可以逆转肩胛上神经病变[22],但是修复肩袖时不需要常规进行肩胛上神经松解[23-24]。
近年来,大多数学者认为双排缝合桥技术固定撕裂肩袖最稳固,因此临床上多倾向于采用该技术使修复后的肩袖获得更好的生物力学特性,促进肩袖愈合[25]。近期也有学者提出不采用锚钉的穿骨缝合技术也可获得良好疗效[26]。值得注意的是,因为巨大肩袖撕裂常伴随肌腱回缩、脂肪浸润以及组织退变,关节镜下操作仍存在一定难度,术中应力求最大化足印覆盖,构建能促进肩袖愈合的生物学环境。
2.2.3. 补片增强技术
功能要求较高的患者对肩袖修复提出了更高的要求,补片增强技术是一种新的选择。补片类型有不可降解材料补片、细胞外基质补片、可降解合成支架补片等。生物力学研究表明补片可以提高承载能力,减少肌腱回缩[27]。临床研究表明补片增强技术可以使患者关节功能获得明显提高,肌腱也具有较高的完整性[28-29]。2017 年 Consigliere 等[30]进行了一项前瞻性临床试验,共纳入 10 例患者,采用含有变性细胞外基质的补片进行关节镜下巨大肩袖损伤修复,术中采用双排缝合技术;术后行 Oxford 肩关节评分、Constant-Murley 肩关节功能评分以及疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)评价,结果显示采用该技术可获得较好早期临床疗效,特别是术后 3 个月时。同年,Narvani 等[31]介绍了一种 “pull-over”补片增强技术,该技术有助于补片顺利进入关节,并且补片内侧固定端具有更好的生物力学性能。但 2018 年 Maillot 等[32]进行的一项前瞻性研究显示,对于巨大肩袖撕裂,关节镜下完全缝合、切开修复联合补片增强、关节镜下清理联合肱二头肌腱长头切除 3 种术式疗效相似,补片增强技术未体现出明显优势。由于现有临床研究所采用的补片种类各不相同,补片增强技术治疗巨大肩袖撕裂的疗效尚未达成统一结论。
2.2.4. 上关节囊重建
上关节囊重建主要适用于巨大不可修复肩袖撕裂的年轻患者,同时患者需要具有完整的肩胛下肌以及三角肌[33-34],Hartzler 等[35]强调特别适用于伴有假性麻痹的不可修补巨大肩袖撕裂。重建上关节囊可以迅速提升患者的肩关节功能,缓解疼痛症状,增大肩峰下距离,防止肱骨头上移,临床上已取得良好早期与中长期疗效[36-37]。但该术式对术者技术要求较高[35],移植物进入关节腔是手术操作难点。
上关节囊重建时常用移植物材料是自体阔筋膜[33],近年也有报道采用同种异体真皮[38-39]、脱细胞异体真皮[40-41]、具有增强生物性功能的移植物[42]等。采用同种异体真皮的优势是避免了自体阔筋膜取材带来的腿部症状以及缩短手术时间。Pennington 等[43]采用脱细胞异体真皮行上关节囊重建,术后随访 1 年,患者疼痛评分与功能评分均改善,同时肩峰下间隙由术前平均 7.1 mm 增加至 9.7 mm。此外,有学者利用原位肱二头肌腱长头进行上关节囊重建,取材便捷,也避免了自体阔筋膜取材带来的不适感[44-46];还有学者报道了改良的无结技术[47]。2017 年,由 Boutsiadis 和我国学者陈世益、姜春岩等[48]报道了关节镜下肱二头肌腱长头覆盖大结节足印区重建上关节囊的方法,简称“the Chinese Way”。临床疗效观察证实该方法在缓解疼痛症状、改善关节活动度方面具有明显优势[49];生物力学研究证实“the Chinese Way”可取得良好力学效应[50]。目前,该方法已在国内获得广泛应用。近年,Kim 等[51]还介绍了一种采用同种异体带骨片跟腱组织重建上关节囊重建的方法。de Campos Azevedo 等[52]通过系统回顾分析,发现采用自体阔筋膜重建上关节囊后再撕裂率为 5%~32%,而同种异体真皮重建术后再撕裂率为 20%~75%。
2019 年上关节囊重建术式的发明者 Mihata 发表了编者评论,认为无论采用何种材料重建上关节囊重建,材料的厚度和硬度是手术成功的关键[53],其中厚度需达 6~8 mm,并且用缝线进行加强固定。目前观点为术前检查提示脂肪浸润达 Goutallier 4 级的患者上关节囊往往预后不理想;伴有中度以及重度肩袖损伤性关节病(Hamada 分级≥3 级)、伴肩胛下肌腱撕裂的患者是上关节囊重建的禁忌证[54]。我们认为上关节囊重建提供的主要是静力性稳定,有助于稳定盂肱关节,协同三角肌完成运动,但是其无法像肌肉一样提供收缩力,因此难以达到生理状态下冈上肌腱与三角肌之间的力偶对协同作用。由于上关节囊重建是一种比较新的手术技术,其长期疗效有待更多临床研究验证。同时该术式治疗成本较高,确定手术方案时需要结合患者经济能力进行考虑。
2.2.5. 肌腱转位
肌腱转位适用于年轻且功能要求较高患者,其手术目的在于重建肩关节前、后方生物力学力偶,进而稳定盂肱关节并且提供动力。临床肌腱转位术中常用移植物为背阔肌及胸大肌。背阔肌转位适用于后上方肩袖撕裂[55-57],手术要点是将背阔肌位于肱骨小结节的止点转移到肱骨大结节,从而发挥外旋作用。背阔肌转位可以明显改善患者肩关节前屈、外展等功能。胸大肌转位主要适用于不可修复的前上方肩袖撕裂[58-59],特别适用于肩胛下肌腱损伤伴复发性前方不稳定患者。斜方肌转位主要适用于伴臂丛病变、需要提升外旋功能的患者。生物力学研究提示与背阔肌转位相比,低位斜方肌转位可更好地重建外旋功能[60]。肌腱转位手术复杂,术者需要一定的学习曲线,并且术中需注意保护神经。
2.2.6. 反肩关节置换
慢性巨大肩袖撕裂治疗后再撕裂率较高,反肩关节置换提供了一种治疗选择。反肩关节置换的手术指征主要是临床症状明显,巨大且不可修复的肩袖撕裂、肩袖损伤性关节病。临床研究提示反肩关节置换术后患者功能明显改善[61]。Favard 等[62]的一项随访长达 10 年的临床研究提示,反肩关节置换术后患者无翻修存活率为 89%,Constant-Murley 肩关节功能评分随时间推移而降低。Gerber 等[63]对 22 例行反肩关节置换患者进行了一项长达 15 年的随访,末次随访时患者 Constant-Murley 肩关节功能评分从术前(23±11)分提升至(58±19)分,在疼痛评分、肩关节活动范围方面都有明显改善;其中 6 例患者手术失效,剩余 16 例患者均获得良好疗效。Ernstbrunner 等[64]对 60 岁以下接受反肩关节置换的巨大肩袖撕裂患者进行了长达 10 年的随访研究,末次随访时患者 Constant-Murley 肩关节功能评分为(59±19)分,平均主动前屈活动度由术前 64° 提升至 117°、主动外展由 58° 提升至 111°,随时间推移患者肩关节功能未发生明显退化。Dornan 等[65]通过马尔科夫决策模型分析比较,认为对于尚未进展到关节炎而伴有假性麻痹的患者,首选关节镜下肩袖修复术,如疗效欠佳则转为反肩关节置换。Hartzler 等[66]研究认为年龄偏小、术前功能高以及伴有神经功能障碍是反肩关节置换术后功能改善较差的因素。
综合现有研究,就改善疼痛症状、提高肩关节功能以及患者满意度而言,反肩关节置换是一种具有良好长期临床疗效的治疗方式。目前反肩关节置换更倾向于作为年龄较大、功能要求不高而且保留完整三角肌功能患者的治疗选择;需注意术前评估患者腋神经功能是获得满意疗效的关键步骤。
3. 总结
随着关节镜技术的发展,关节镜下缝合修复已成为一项治疗巨大肩袖撕裂比较成熟的技术。近年来,穿骨技术逐渐得到临床重视,被认为具有较高的生物力学特性。“the Chinese way”作为一种经济有效的方法,得到了国内外广泛认可。补片技术和上关节囊重建为缝合术后肩袖再撕裂提供了新的解决方案,但两者的长期临床疗效有待证据级别更高的对照试验来验证。反肩关节置换曾作为重度肩关节炎的主要手术方案,其适应证也扩大到了巨大不可修复肩袖撕裂。相信随着生物工程技术的发展以及肩关节生物力学研究的深入,生物支架补片以及上关节囊重建等新型技术会取得更多进展。
作者贡献:郑小龙负责文献检索及文章撰写,唐康来负责文章审核。
利益冲突:所有作者声明,在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突。课题经费支持没有影响文章观点。
Biography
唐康来,国际足踝外科学术带头人,博士研究生导师、国家“万人计划”领军人才、国务院政府津贴获得者,国家创新人才计划推荐计划-重点领域创新团队负责人,军队创新人才工程-领军人才,中央军委保健委员会会诊专家,重庆市首批科技创新领军人才、重庆市首席医学专家、重庆市首批医学领军人才,国际足踝联盟候任主席、国际运动医学会(ISAKOS)小腿及足踝委员会执行委员、亚洲肩关节协会执行委员、亚太足踝外科协会秘书长、中华医学会运动医疗分会常务委员兼足踝专业委员会主任委员、中国医师协会运动医学医师分会常务委员兼足踝专业委员会主任委员、中国医师协会骨科医师分会常务委员兼足踝工作委员会主任委员等。以第一完成人获得省部级科技进步奖一等奖 2 项
Funding Statement
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81572133)
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