Table 1.
Sample characteristics by age cohorta in a probability sample of sexual minorities (N = 1,500)
| Total | Younger (n = 665) | Middle (n = 367) | Older (n = 468) | p-value* | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | %w | (95% CI) | n | %w | (95% CI) | n | %w | (95% CI) | n | %w | (95% CI) | ||
| Gender | <.0001 | ||||||||||||
| Women | 804 | 59.9 | (56.8, 62.9) | 394 | 65.4 | (61.2, 69.4) | 203 | 58.8 | (52.7 , 64.7) |
207 | 41.4 | (36.4, 46.6) | |
| Men | 696 | 40.1 | (37.1, 43.2) | 271 | 34.6 | (30.6, 39.8) | 164 | 41.1 | (35.3 , 47.3) |
261 | 58.6 | (53.4, 63.6) | |
| Nonbinary gender identity | <.0001 | ||||||||||||
| Binary gender identity | 1,406 | 92.5 | (90.5, 94.1) | 604 | 90.1 | (87.0, 92.5) | 350 | 96.4 | (94.2, 97.8) | 452 | 96.4 | (93.4, 97.9) | |
| Nonbinary/genderqueer | 94 | 7.5 | (5.9, 9.5) | 61 | 9.9 | (7.5, 13.0) | 17 | 3.6 | (2.2, 5.8) | 16 | 3.6 | (2.1, 6.2) | |
| Sexual orientation identity | <.0001 | ||||||||||||
| Gay/lesbian | 821 | 46.9 | (43.8, 50.1) | 244 | 36.6 | (32.5, 41.0) | 201 | 50.3 | (44.2, 56.6) | 376 | 79.7 | (75.1, 83.6) | |
| Bisexual | 489 | 40.5 | (37.3, 43.7) | 300 | 47.7 | (43.2, 52.1) | 123 | 40.0 | (34.0, 46.3) | 66 | 15.2 | (11.7, 19.4) | |
| Another sexual orientation | 179 | 12.6 | (10.7, 14.9) | 115 | 15.7 | (12.9, 19.0) | 40 | 9.7 | (6.9, 13.3) | 24 | 5.1 | (3.3, 8.0) | |
| Race/ethnicity | <.0001 | ||||||||||||
| White | 970 | 62.2 | (59.1, 65.2) | 362 | 56.4 | (51.2, 60.7) | 231 | 64.9 | (59.0, 70.5) | 377 | 79.6 | (74.9, 83.6) | |
| Black or African American | 235 | 16.5 | (14.3, 18.9) | 125 | 17.9 | (14.9, 21.4) | 68 | 18.0 | (13.8, 23.0) | 42 | 9.6 | (6.9, 13.4) | |
| Hispanic or Latino/a | 295 | 21.3 | (18.9, 24.0) | 178 | 25.7 | (22.1, 29.6) | 68 | 17.1 | (13.1, 22.0) | 49 | 10.7 | (7.8, 14.6) | |
| Household incomeb | <.0001 | ||||||||||||
| Lower income | 467 | 39.6 | (36.5, 42.8) | 281 | 45.9 | (41.5, 50.4) | 90 | 33.7 | (27.7, 40.2) | 96 | 24.2 | (19.8, 29.4) | |
| Middle income | 551 | 35.5 | (32.6, 38.6) | 273 | 37.5 | (33.3, 41.8) | 133 | 32.6 | (27.3, 38.4) | 146 | 31.9 | (27.3, 36.9) | |
| Upper income | 481 | 24.9 | (22.4, 27.5) | 111 | 16.6 | (13.6, 20.2) | 144 | 33.7 | (28.4, 39.5) | 226 | 43.8 | (38.8, 49.0) | |
| Outcomes | |||||||||||||
| Lifetime smokingc | 669 | 41.8 | (38.8, 45.0) | 190 | 30.4 | (26.4, 34.7) | 200 | 58.8 | (52.7, 64.6) | 279 | 62.5 | (57.4, 67.2) | <.0001 |
| Current smokingd | 333 | 24.6 | (21.9, 27.5) | 120 | 20.3 | (16.9, 24.3) | 100 | 33.2 | (27.4, 39.6) | 113 | 29.4 | (24.5, 34.7) | <.0001 |
| M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) |
|
M | (SD) |
|
||||
| Urbanicity | |||||||||||||
| RUCA scoree | 1.72 | (1.87) | 1.75 | (1.60) | 1.58 | (1.83) | 1.76 | (2.63) | .93 | ||||
| Minority stressors | |||||||||||||
| Day-to-day discriminationf | 2.04 | (0.73) | 2.16 | (0.61) | 2.00 | (0.78) | 1.63 | (0.78) | <.0001 | ||||
| Victimizationg | 1.97 | (0.84) |
|
1.85 | (0.68) |
|
2.22 | (0.94) |
|
2.11 | (1.13) |
|
<.0001 |
CI confidence interval.
aAge cohorts defined as: younger = 18–25 years; middle = 34–41 years; older = 52–59 years.
bIncome: Based on annual household (HH) income, adjusted for household size, and scaled in relation to median U.S. household size (per Pew Research Center 2015). Lower income = <2/3 U.S. median HH income; middle income = 2/3 − double U.S. median HH income; Upper income = >double U.S. median HH income.
cRespondents were asked “Have you smoked at least 100 cigarettes in your entire life?” (Yes/No). Respondents were asked to exclude any use of e-cigarettes, cigars, or other tobacco products.
dRespondents who endorsed smoking at least 100 cigarettes were asked “Do you now smoke cigarettes every day, some days, or not at all?” Responses were dichotomized: every day or some days = current smoker; not at all or never smoked = not current smoker.
eRUCA = rural–urban commuting area (score range: 1–10). U.S. Department of Agriculture-created system to delineate degree of urbanicity/rurality based on level of commuting flow into an area; higher scores indicate grater rurality/lower commuting flow into area.
fVictimization: mean score of six items about frequency of victimization experiences since age 18 (range: 1–4; higher scores = more victimization experiences).
gDay-to-day discrimination: mean score of nine items about frequency of unfair treatment in a variety of settings in past year (range: 1–4; higher scores = more experiences of discrimination).
*Boldface indicates statistical significance (p < .0001). p-values are for differences across generations. p-values based on chi-square tests for demographic characteristics and categorical outcomes based on analysis of variance F-tests for continuous predictor variables.