Table 2.
Prevalence of lifetime and current cigarette smoking by sociodemographic characteristics among U.S. sexual minorities (N = 1,500)
| Lifetime cigarette smokinga | Current cigarette smokingb | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % (wtd) | 95% CI | p-value | % (wtd) | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Gender | .87 | .70 | ||||
| Women | 42.0 | (37.8, 46.3) | 25.0 | (21.4, 29.1) | ||
| Men | 41.5 | (37.1, 46.0) | 23.9 | (20.2, 28.1) | ||
| Nonbinary gender identity | .08 | .29 | ||||
| Binary gender identity | 42.6 | (39.4, 45.9) | 25.0 | (22.2, 28.1) | ||
| Genderqueer/nonbinary | 32.0 | (22.3, 43.6) | 19.0 | (11.3, 30.4) | ||
| Sexual orientation identity | .70 | .62 | ||||
| Gay/ lesbian | 42.7 | (38.5, 47.0) | 24.7 | (21.1, 28.7) | ||
| Bisexual | 41.6 | (36.4, 47.0) | 24.8 | (20.3, 29.9) | ||
| Another sexual orientation | 38.5 | (30.5, 47.1) | 20.6 | (14.4, 28.7) | ||
| Race/ethnicity | .02 | .64 | ||||
| White | 45.2 | (41.2, 49.2) | 25.4 | (22.0, 29.2) | ||
| Black or African American | 35.2 | (28.4, 42.7) | 24.5 | (18.6, 31.6) | ||
| Hispanic or Latino/a | 37.1 | (30.9, 43.8) | 22.2 | (16.9, 28.5) | ||
| Socioeconomic positionc | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||
| Lower income | 50.7 | (45.3, 56.1) | 36.1 | (31.0, 41.6) | ||
| Middle income | 36.7 | (32.0, 41.6) | 19.5 | (15.8, 23.8) | ||
| Higher income | 35.1 | (30.1, 40.4) | 13.5 | (10.2, 17.6) | ||
| Minority stressors | M | (SD) | p-value | M | (SD) | p-value |
| Everyday discriminationd | .18 | .003 | ||||
| No to smoking | 2.01 | (0.03) | 1.99 | (0.72) | ||
| Yes to smoking | 2.07 | (0.04) | 2.17 | (0.74) | ||
| Victimizatione | < .0001 | < .0001 | ||||
| No to smoking | 1.76 | (0.72) | 1.85 | (0.79) | ||
| Yes to smoking | 2.26 | (0.92) | 2.36 | (0.87) | ||
Boldface indicates statistical significance (p < .05). p-values are for differences within each demographic category. p-values based on chi-square tests for demographic characteristics and categorical outcomes and on analysis of variance F-tests for continuous variables.
CI confidence interval.
aRespondents were asked “Have you smoked at least 100 cigarettes in your entire life?” (Yes/No). Respondents were asked to exclude any use of e-cigarettes, cigars, or other tobacco products.
bRespondents who endorsed smoking at least 100 cigarettes were asked “Do you now smoke cigarettes every day, some days, or not at all?” Responses were dichotomized: every day or some days = current smoker; not at all or never smoked = not current smoker.
cSocioeconomic position: based on annual household (HH) income, adjusted for household size, and scaled in relation to median U.S. household size (per Pew Research Center 2015). Lower income = <2/3 U.S. median HH income; middle income = 2/3 − double U.S. median HH income; upper income = >double U.S. median HH income.
dVictimization: mean score of six items about frequency of victimization experiences since age 18 (range: 1–4; higher scores = more victimization experiences).
eDay-to-day discrimination: mean score of nine items about frequency of unfair treatment in a variety of settings in past year (range: 1–4; higher scores = more experiences of discrimination).