Table 5. Effects of Schistosome-HIV Coinfection on CD4⁺ T Cell Counts, HIV-1 RNA Viral Load, and HIV Disease Progression.

Schistosome HIV Co-Infection Effects on CD4 Count
No relationship	Higher CD4 counts	Lower increase in CD4+ counts following ART initiation		No difference before and after praziquantel	No difference whether praziquantel is quarterly or annual	Lower CD4+ counts 6 months after schistosomiasis treatment
Obuku 2016 [54]	Elliott 2003 [95]	Efraim 2013 [96]		Elliott 2003 [95]	Abaasa 2018 [99]	Brown 2005 [100]
Mazigo 2014 [70]
Brown 2004 [90]
Kleppa 2015 [91]				Mulu 2013 [97]
Colombe 2018 [92]
Colombe 2018 [93]				Mazigo 2016 [98]
Idindili 2011 [94]
Schistosome Infection and HIV-1 Viral Load
Higher viral load	Lower viral load	No difference in viral load	Higher viral load, declining over time	No difference before and after praziquantel	Transient increase in viral load following praziquantel	Higher viral load >6 months after praziquantel
Downs 2017 [77] HIV recently acquired	Bochner 2019 [101] HIV recently acquired	Masikini 2019 [102] Patients failing first-line ART	Chenine 2008 [79] Animal Study	Brown 2004 [90]	Elliott 2003 [95]	Lawn 2000 [104] Pre-ART study
Brown 2004 [90] Chronic HIV	Colombe 2018 [92] Chronic HIV			Kallestrup 2005 [103] Pre-ART study; Also, viral loads increased pre-treatment those whose praziquantel was delayed	Brown 2005 [100]	Abaasa 2018 [99] Patients not yet eligible for ART
Mazigo 2016 [98] Chronic HIV	Elliott 2003 [95] Chronic HIV			Mazigo 2016 [98]
Slower HIV Disease Progression in those with Chronic HIV-Schistosome Coinfection
Colombe 2018 [93] Patients not yet on ART Outcome: CD4+ count < 350 cells/μL or death Hazard ratio = 0.31 [0.12–0.84]			Abaasa 2018 [99] Patients not yet eligible for ART Outcome: progression to AIDS Log-rank chi-square (low-intensity versus high-intensity praziquantel) = 2.08, p = 0.15			Stete 2018 [105] Patients starting ART Outcome: death or loss-to-follow-up Hazard ratio = 0.58 [0.32–1.05]