Table 6. Effects of Schistosoma mansoni Infection on Response to HIV Vaccine in Mice.

Study	Study Design	Time Elapsed Between Vaccine and Assessment	Vaccine Response in Schistosome Infected	Overall Effects of S. mansoni on HIV Vaccine
Dzhivhuho 2018 [55]	Mice with and without Sm were given candidate HIV vaccines Some mice were treated with PZQ* pre-vaccine	12 days post-vaccine (vaccinated 2 weeks after PZQ)	↓ HIV-specific splenocyte IFN-ɣ and IL-2 secretion Partial restoration of IFN-ɣ and IL-2 after PZQ ↓ gp-140 IgG antibody production in Sm	Impaired HIV-specific cellular immune response to HIV vaccine Cellular immune response was restored completely when PZQ treatment was provided at least 8 weeks prior to vaccination
Da’dara 2006 [106]	Mice with and without Sm were given candidate HIV vaccines	2 weeks	↓ HIV-specific IFN-ɣ secretion by CD8+ T cells in Sm
Da’dara 2010 [107]	Mice with Sm, mice with prior Sm who were treated, and uninfected mice were given candidate HIV vaccines	2 weeks post-vaccine (vaccinated 4 or 8 weeks after PZQ)	↑ HIV-specific IFN-ɣ secretion by CD8+ T cells after PZQ (completely restored when vaccinated 8 weeks after PZQ)

*PZQ = praziquantel