Table 7. Effects of Schistosome Infection on the Host Immune Response to Herpesviruses, and on Prevalence of Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus.
| Study | Subject Type and Virus | Sample Size | Sex (% Female) and Age | Country | Species† | Differences in Schistosome Infected Compared to Uninfected | Overall Effects of Schistosome Infection |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reese 2014 [109] | Mice; murine ɣ-herpes-virus 68 | Not reported | Not reported | N/A | Sm or Hp |
↑ systemic herpes-virus reactivation Reactivation was dependent on IL-4 and STAT-6 |
Increased Th2 cyto-kines were associated with systemic viral reactivation. Increased KSHV sero-prevalence in Sm, with evidence stronger for men. |
| Fu 2012 [110] | Human, KSHV | 105 | 47% F, Age range not reported | China | Sj |
KSHV prevalence: 8.4% among Sj 6.6% among uninfected (men: 8.4% versus 2.2%)* |
|
| Wakeham 2011 [111] | Human, KSHV | 1915 | 100% F, median age 23 | Uganda | Sm |
KSHV prevalence: 60% among Sm 61% among uninfected |
|
| Nalwoga 2019 [112] | Human, KSHV | 1137 | 44% F, median age 25 | Uganda | Sm |
KSHV prevalence: 89% among Sm 77% among uninfected* Odds increased after controlling for sex* |
†Sm = S. mansoni; Sh = S. haematobium; Sj = S. japonicum; Hp = Heligmosomoides polygyrus
*Statistically significant