(A) Superposition of the crystal structure of rA3G (PDB 6P40, blue) onto the cryo-EM structure of Vif/CBFβ/A3FCTDternary complex (circled), where rA3G NTD is situated at a position similar to that of a neighboring A3FCTD (denoted by A3FCTD*, light red) observed in the cryo-EM structure, but with modest clashes with Vif. (B) Proposed model of Vif/CBFβ/A3F in complex with unneddylated CRL5 by overlaying the Vif/CBFβ/A3FCTD ternary complex with Vif/CBFβ/EloB/EloC/Cul5NTD(PDB 4N9F), Cul5CTD/Rbx2 (PDB 3DPL), and Cul1 FL/Rbx1 (PDB 1LDK). (C) Putative model of Vif/CBFβ/A3F in complex with the neddylated CRL5 with E2 and ubiquitin (Ub) by further overlaying the neddylated CRL1 structure (PDB 6TTU). The corresponding schematics of the models are shown in the lower panels of (B) and (C). The structural figures were generated using PyMol [103].