Table 2.
Multilevel Poisson Regression (Incident Rate Ratios; 95% C.I) Analysis of Mental Illness Symptoms on Discrimination, Neighborhood Experiences, and Neighborhood Characteristics
| Anxiety Symptoms | Depressive Symptoms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1a | Model 2a | Model 3a | Model 1b | Model 2b | Model 3b | |
| Race (non-Hispanic white, ref) | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic African American | 1.33** | 1.22† | 1.17 | 1.55*** | 1.38* | 1.41* |
| (1.07 – 1.64) | (0.98 – 1.51) | (0.95 – 1.46) | (1.20 – 2.01) | (1.06 – 1.79) | (1.08 – 1.84) | |
| Age (range 20–72) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | |||
| (0.99 – 1.01) | (0.99 – 1.01) | (1.00 – 1.01) | 1.03*** | 1.03*** | 1.03*** | |
| Gender (male, ref) | 1.00 | 1.02 | 1.03 | (1.02 – 1.04) | (1.02 – 1.04) | (1.02 – 1.04) |
| Female | (0.86 – 1.17) | (0.87 – 1.19) | (0.88 – 1.21) | 0.83† | 0.88 | 0.91 |
| (0.69 – 1.00) | (0.73 – 1.06) | (0.75 – 1.11) | ||||
| Marital Status (not married, ref) | ||||||
| Married /Living with partner | 0.86† | 0.90 | 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.90 | 0.89 |
| (0.73 – 1.01) | (0.76 – 1.07) | (0.73 – 1.04) | (0.70 – 1.04) | (0.73 – 1.10) | (0.72 – 1.09) | |
| Household residents (range 1–5) | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.05 | 1.16*** | 1.13*** | 1.16*** |
| (0.96 – 1.09) | (0.95 – 1.08) | (0.99 – 1.12) | (1.08 – 1.25) | (1.05 – 1.21) | (1.08 – 1.25) | |
| Education Level (Some college/college degree, ref) | ||||||
| No college education | 0.98 | 0.93 | 1.33** | 1.32** | ||
| (0.83 – 1.14) | (0.79 – 1.09) | (1.10 – 1.61) | (1.09 – 1.60) | |||
| Poverty level (<300% FPL, ref) | ||||||
| 300%+ FPL | 0.61** | 0.72* | 0.61** | 0.67* | ||
| (0.45 – 0.83) | (0.53 – 0.98) | (0.42 – 0.88) | (0.46 – 0.98) | |||
| Employment Status (Currently employed, ref) | ||||||
| Not currently employed | 1.17* | 1.13 | 0.99 | 0.96 | ||
| (1.00 – 1.38) | (0.96 – 1.33) | (0.81 – 1.19) | (0.79 – 1.17) | |||
| Living situation (rent or live with friend/family, ref) | ||||||
| Homeowner | 0.86 | 0.96 | 0.80† | 0.84 | ||
| (0.71 – 1.05) | (0.79 – 1.17) | (0.63 – 1.02) | (0.66 – 1.07) | |||
| Discrimination experiences (range 0 –25) | 1.06*** | 1.02* | ||||
| (1.04 – 1.08) | (1.01 – 1.04) | |||||
| Neighborhood problems scale (range 0–2) | 1.22† | 1.16 | ||||
| (0.99 – 1.49) | (0.91 – 1.46) | |||||
| Neighborhood social cohesion/trust (range 0–4) | 0.78*** | 0.84** | ||||
| (0.71 – 0.86) | (0.75 – 0.95) | |||||
| Neighborhood disadvantage index (range 0–22) | 1.01 | 1.01 | 0.99 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.00 |
| (0.97 – 1.05) | (0.96 – 1.05) | (0.95 – 1.03) | (0.97 – 1.07) | (0.96 – 1.06) | (0.95 – 1.05) | |
| % African American (range 0–100) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| (1.00 – 1.01) | (0.99 – 1.01) | (0.99 – 1.01) | (0.99 – 1.01) | (0.99 – 1.01) | (0.99 – 1.01) | |
| Population density (per sq. mile) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| (1.00 – 1.00) | (1.00 – 1.00) | (1.00 – 1.00) | (1.00 – 1.00) | (1.00 – 1.00) | (1.00 – 1.00) | |
| Constant | 1.44 | 1.46 | 1.27 | 0.19*** | 0.20*** | 0.20*** |
| (0.89 – 2.35) | (0.90 – 2.39) | (0.71 – 2.26) | (0.11 – 0.34) | (0.11 – 0.35) | (0.10 – 0.39) | |
| Level-2 residual standard deviation (σμ) | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.80 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.86 |
| Log-likelihood | −1100.26 | −1063.57 | −1016.52 | −910.76 | −894.43 | −885.80 |
***
p<0.001
**
p<0.01
*
p<0.05
†
P<0.10