Fig. 5. Response bias by ideological implications and veracity.

Estimated marginal means based on fixed effects regression models comparing strong liberals (blue) to strong conservatives (red). (A) Liberals’ tendency to label all claims true increases faster than conservatives’ as the proportion of truths harming the ingroup increases. (B) Conservatives’ tendency to label all claims false increases faster than liberals’ as the proportion of falsehoods harming the ingroup increases. (C) Liberals’ tendency to label all claims true increases faster than conservatives’ as the proportion of truths benefiting the ingroup increases. (D) Conservatives’ and liberals’ response bias is unrelated to the proportion of ingroup-promoting falsehoods.