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. 2021 May 19;12:676181. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.676181

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Copyright © 2021 Hosseinkhani, Derakhshani, Shadbad, Argentiero, Racanelli, Kazemi, Mokhtarzadeh, Brunetti, Silvestris and Baradaran

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The upregulation of VISTA in prostate cancer after anti-CTLA-4 therapy. (A) The expression of CTLA-4 on immune cells, e.g., T cells and macrophages, and its interaction with tumoral cells can attenuate anti-tumoral immune responses. (B) The administration of anti-CTLA-4 can stimulate anti-tumoral immune responses. (C) After anti-CTLA-4 therapy, the upregulation of VISTA inhibits immune cell activation and leads to tumor expansion. (D) Dual VISTA/CTLA-4 blockade can elicit synergistic responses and leads to the elimination of prostate cancer cells. CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4; VISTA, V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation.