Table 2.
Characteristic of the 9 case-control studies included in the meta-analysis investigating the effect of dairy consumption on the risk of precursors of CRC.
| Author/year/country | Age and sex | Number of cases | Number of controls | Dietary assessments | Exposure | Contrast (highest vs. lowest) | OR (95% CI) | Adjustments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boutron et al./1996/French | Aged 30–75, M + F | 154 small adenomas (<10 mm) | 426 polyp-free | Validated FFQ | Total milk | Q5 vs. Q1 | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | Age, sex, and caloric intake |
| Low-fat milk | 1.0 (0.5–1.7) | |||||||
| Hard and semihard cheese | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) | |||||||
| Cottage cheese | Q3 vs. Q1 | 1.0 (0.7–1.6) | ||||||
| Yogurt | 1.3 (0.8–2.2) | |||||||
| 208 large adenomas (>10 mm) | 154 small adenomas (<10 mm) | Total milk | Q5 vs. Q1 | 1.0 (0.5–2.0) | ||||
| Low-fat milk | 1.1 (0.5–2.1) | |||||||
| Hard and semihard cheese | 1.1 (0.5–2.5) | |||||||
| Cottage cheese | Q3 vs. Q1 | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | ||||||
| Yogurt | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | |||||||
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| Diergaarde et al./2005/Dutch | Aged 18–75, M + F | 278 CRA | 414 polyp-free | Validated FFQ-178 | Dairy products | ≧495.0 g/d vs. ≦238.9 g/d | 0.7 (0.4–1.0) | Age, gender, and total energy intake |
|
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| Nasab et al./2020/Iran | Cases: aged 56.46 ± 10.01, controls: aged 55.08 ± 9.45, M + F | 139 CRA | 240 hospital control | Validated FFQ-148 | Dairy | High vs. low | 0.92 (0.57–1.48) | Energy, smoking, physical activity, age, calcium supplementation, history of diabetes and hypertension, cooking type, levels of salt intake, family history of cancer |
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| Karagianni et al./2010/Greece | Cases: aged 30–77, controls: 33–80, M + F | 52 advanced colorectal polyps | 52 healthy control | Validated FFQ | Milk | Logistic regression | NA | Age, sex, smoking, physical activity, BMI, waist circumference, hypercholesterolemia, alcohol, yogurt, cheese, red meat, fish, fruits, vegetables, and garlic |
| Yogurt | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) | |||||||
| Cheese | 0.96 (0.93–1.00) | |||||||
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| Kune et al./1991/Australia | Cases: aged 68 ± 9, controls: aged 65 ± 11, M + F | 49 colorectal adenomatous polyps larger than 1 cm | 727 community controls | Validated FFQ | Milk drinks | Logistic regression | Age, sex, vegetable, cruciferous vegetables, vitamin C, beef, pork, fish, fat, milk drinks, vitamin supplement, beer, family history of CRC in near relatives | |
| Male | 3.70 (1.44–9.52) | |||||||
| Female | 1.50 (0.50–4.54) | |||||||
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| Rifkin et al./2020/USA | TCPS: aged 40–75, JHBS: aged 40–85, M + F | Colorectal polyps TCPS: 181 SSP, 1536 AP JHBS: 96 SSP, 333 AP | Polyp-free controls TCPS: 3258 JHBS: 579 | Validated FFQ-108 | Yogurt | TCPS | TCPS: sex, study location, age, regular alcohol drinking status, BMI, smoking status, physical activity in the past 10 years, educational attainment, NSAID use, red meat intake, dietary energy intake, and frequency of nonyogurt dairy intake HBS: sex, age, cigarette use, overweight, prior colon polyp, history of cholecystectomy, diabetes mellitus diagnosis, hypertension diagnosis, hyperlipidemia diagnosis, physical activity and >10 alcohol drinks/week. |
|
| Daily vs. never | AP 0.93 (0.69–1.25) | |||||||
| SSP 0.49 (0.19–1.24) | ||||||||
| ≧0.20 cups vs. none/rarely | AP 0.98 (0.79–1.22) | |||||||
| SSP 0.77 (0.43–1.36) | ||||||||
| JHBS | ||||||||
| 1 or more/week vs. never | AP 0.75 (0.54–1.04) | |||||||
| SSP 0.76 (0.44–1.29) | ||||||||
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| Senesse et al./2009/France | Aged 30–79, M + F | 154 small adenomas (<10 mm), 208 large adenomas (≥10 mm) | 427 polyp-free controls | Validated FFQ | Milk | Q4 vs. Q1 | <10 mm 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | Age, gender, energy intake, body mass index, alcohol, and tobacco |
| ≧10 mm 1.0(0.7–1.7) | ||||||||
| Yogurt | Q3 vs. Q1 | <10 mm 1.2 (0.8–2.1) | ||||||
| ≧10 mm 0.6 (0.4–1.0) | ||||||||
| Cheese | Q4 vs. Q1 | <10 mm 1.0 (0.5–1.7) | ||||||
| ≧10 mm 0.8(0.5–1.4) | ||||||||
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| Um et al./2016/USA | Aged 35–74, M + F | 787 CRA | 2033 polyp-free controls | Validated FFQ | Total milk products | Q5 vs. Q1 | 0.99 (0.74–1.34) | Study, age, sex, oxidative balance score, family history of colorectal cancer in first-degree relative, regular use of aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, total energy intake, total fat intake (energy adjusted), supplemental calcium intake. |
| Total milk | Q5 vs. Q1 | 0.90 (0.68–1.19) | ||||||
| Whole milk | Q2 vs. Q1 | 1.15 (0.89–1.49) | ||||||
| Nonfat milk | Q5 vs. Q1 | 0.92 (0.70–1.19) | ||||||
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| Wark et al./2006/Netherlands | Aged 18–75, M + F | 658 CRA (81 K-ras+, 453 K-Ras−, 124 NA) | 709 polyp-free controls | Validated FFQ-178 | Dairy products | >238.2–474.6 vs. ≦238.2 | 0.89 (0.67, 1.18) | Sex, age, and total energy. |
| >474.6 vs. >238.2–474.6 | 0.91 (0.68, 1.22) | |||||||
TCPS: Tennessee Colorectal Polyp Study; JHBS: Johns Hopkins Biofilm Study; FFQ: Food Frequency Questionnaire; AP: adenomatous polyp; SSP: sessile serrated polyp; OR: odds ratio; NA: not available; Q: quintiles.