Table 1.
Main zoonotic agents and role of the different wild and livestock species.
| Microbial agents | Role of wildlife in epidemiological cycle - main species | Livestock |
Human | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main species affected | Species found infected sometimes | Role (in zoonotic context) | Developing disease (?) (Y/N) | Notifiable disease (Y/N) | Human diseases | ||
| Zoonotic avian influenza virus | Reservoir | Poultry | / | Spillover host | Y = avian influenza | Y (if H5 or H7) | ‘Avian’ influenza |
| Influenza viruses infecting swine (swine viruses and reassortants) | Reservoir of “parental” avian influenza viruses | Swine | / | ‘Mixing vessel’ | Y (swine influenza) or N | N | Influenza |
| Wesselsbron virus | Reservoir? (wild rodents, wild fowl) Accidental hosts? | Sheep, goats | Cattle, camels, pigs, donkeys, horses, swine | Reservoir? Spillover hosts? | Y (sheep, goats) N (others) | N | Wesselsbron disease |
| Rift valley fever virus | Wild ruminants and camels are susceptible to disease and act as amplifying hosts | Sheep, goat, cattle, camelids, humans | Giraffe, kudu, warthogs, buffalo, gazelle, springbuck, waterbuck, antelope, wildebeest, impala, rhinoceros, alpaca, dog, cat, bat | Amplifying host, transmission via mosquitoes to animals and humans, and transmission to humans during slaughtering of infected animals | Y | Y | Mild to severe complications including haemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, temporal or permanent blindness |
| Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus | Hedgehogs, hares, birds, sheep, goats, cattle | Humans | Giraffe, camelids, rhinoceros, buffalo, kudu, horse, donkey, ostrich, dog | Amplifying hosts, transmission via ticks to animals and humans and nosocomial transmission to humans | N | N | Mild to severe complications including haemorrhagic fever |
| Huaiyangshan banyangvirus | Sheep, goat, cattle | Humans | Dog, pig, chicken | Amplifying hosts, transmission via ticks to animals and humans and nosocomial transmission to humans | N | N | Mild to severe complications including multiple organ failure, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia |
| Mycobacterium bovis | Part of a multihost reservoir (badger, wild boar, red deer…) | Cattle | Other domestic ruminants (bisons…) | Unique reservoir /main part of a multihost reservoir | Y = bovine tuberculosis | Y | Tuberculosis |
| Brucella melitensis | Secondary reservoir (ibex) | Small ruminants, cattle | Pigs, horses | Reservoir | Y = ruminant brucellosis | Y | Brucellosis |
| Brucella suis | Main reservoir | Swine | Domestic ruminants | Reservoir (enzootic countries) Spillover host (free countries) | Y = swine brucellosis | Y | Brucellosis |
| Coxiella burnetii | Reservoir (multihost) | Ruminants | / | Part of the multihost reservoir | Y = Q fever | N | Q fever |
| Bacillus anthracis | Contamination of the soil by dead animals | Sheep, goats, cattle | Swine, horses | Contamination of the soil and of humans by dead animals | Y = anthrax | Y | Anthrax |
Y = Yes; N = No; H = hemagglutinin.