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. 2021 May 5;594(7861):77–81. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03519-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 2 — a–c, Pairwise sequentially Markovian coalescent (PSMC) plots based on an analysis of Illumina WGS genomes of 10 bonobos (a; red), 10 chimpanzees (b; green) and 7 gorillas (c; blue). The y axis represents the effective population size (N_e) (×10⁴) inferred by the PSMC and the x axis represents the time in years. N_e values and time are scaled with generation time g = 25 years and a mutation rate of μ = 1.2 × 10⁻⁸ per bp per generation¹⁶. d, Values in boxes refer to median and 95% confidence interval N_e (×10⁴) values inferred through PSMC analysis considering bonobo (red boxes) and chimpanzee (purple). We extracted size estimates from time intervals between 4 and 7 million years ago for the Homo, Pan N_e and been 1 and 2.5 million years ago for the P. paniscus, P. troglodytes N_e, considering μ = 0.5 × 10⁻⁹ mutations (bp × year) and a generation time of 25 years. Values using μ = 1 × 10⁻⁹ mutations (bp × year) are reported in Supplementary Data.