Table 2.

Summary of breast tumor-on-a-chip models.

Applications/objectives	Cancer cells used	Flow type	Media exchange method	Ref.
2D culture of cells
Staurosporine related chemo-sensitivity of breast cancer cells	MCF-7 (ER+)	Normal	No media exchange (separate chips for different time points)	[154]
Local vascular dynamic modeling	MDA-MB-231	Normal	Perfusion	[155]
2D + co-culture of cells
Changes in gene expression level, while transitioning from 2D to co-culture	MCF-7	Normal	Direct exchange of media	[156]
3D culture of cells
Ex-vivo drug screening with mimicked vascular flow	T47D	Gradient	Perfusion	[157]
Model for understanding extravasation of circulating tumor cells	MDA-MB-231, MCF-7	Gradient	Perfusion	[158]
Live cell imaging platform for intravasation	MDA-MB-231	Gradient	Perfusion	[117]
Micromolded hydrogel-based 3D culture	MCF-7	Normal	Direct exchange	[159]
TME model for studying EPR (enhanced permeability and retention) effect of rapid drug screening	MCF-7, MDA-MB-231	Gradient	Perfusion	[160]
Microfluidic model for simulating differential response of doxorubicin	MDA-MB-231, MCF-7	Normal	Perfusion-based media delivery	[139]
Models for understanding breast cancer metastasis	MDA-MB-231	Gradient	Direct	[115]
Role of interstitial fluid pressure in regulating invasion in engineered breast tumors	MDA-MB-231	Gradient	Direct exchange; Perfusion	[161]
3D + co-culture of cells
Stratified 3D culture of cells	4 T1, 3 T3, HepG2	Normal	Direct media exchange	[162]
Pathophysiological model for early stage breast cancer	HMF, DCIS	Gradient	Perfusion	[18]
Microfluidics-based simultaneous culture of multiple cell lines	MDA-MB-231	Normal	Direct exchange	[163]
Tumor cell interactions with microvasculature for trans endothelial migration study	MDA-MB-231, HUVEC	Gradient	Perfusion	[117]