Table 1.

Fasting levels (before and after 5 days of treatment) and postprandial AUCs (after smoothie consumption on day 5) of BCAA, ketone bodies, glucose and citrate with walnut vs placebo treatment.

	Placebo		Walnut		p
	Day 1	Day 5	Day 1	Day 5
Fasting measurements
Amino Acid Concentrations
Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAA) (μmol/L)	375.00 ± 19.85	390.3 ± 22.42	379.9 ± 23.61	374.9 ± 29.23	.180
Valine (μmol/L)	221.00 ± 10.64	228.00 ± 12.19	217.00 ± 11.65	213.60 ± 14.82	.047
Leucine (μmol/L)	118.44 ± 10.35	117.30 ± 6.30	113.00 ± 10.00	115.60 ± 12.52	.651
Isoleucine (μmol/L)	38.63 ± 6.02	49.56 ± 6.12	53.89 ± 4.20	45.90 ± 6.69	.001
Alanine (μmol/L)	310.56 ± 18.79	382.10 ± 23.26	333.90 ± 30.95	388.20 ± 25.39	.931
Ketone Bodies
Ketone Body Concentrations (μmol/L)	179 ± 28.73	106.61 ± 29.96	114.94 ± 13.19	114.71 ± 16.80	.160
Beta-hydroxy-butyrate (μmol/L)	119.88 ± 23.63	73.42 ± 21.99	69.01 ± 8.01	80.62 ± 12.90	.023
Aceto-acetate (μmol/L)	20.93 ± 5.00	8.44 ± 2.24	16.83 ± 3.73	10.32 ± 4.50	.928
Acetone (μmol/L)	38.19 ± 4.61	24.75 ± 8.38	29.11 ± 6.96	23.79 ± 3.87	.772
Small Molecule Metabolites
Glucose (mg/dL)	95.34 ± 2.49	91.37 ± 2.69	97.94 ± 2.82	93.08 ± 4.03	.918
Citrate (mg/dL)	100.11 ± 13.93	109.30 ± 7.64	99.50 ± 8.31	113.00 ± 10.77	.863
Smoothie Postprandial AUC measurements
Amino Acid Concentrations
Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAA) (μmol/L*min)		52256 ± 2384		57137 ± 3061	.004
Valine (μmol/L*min)		33156 ± 1255		34461 ± 1394	.060
Leucine (μmol/L*min)		14528 ± 1044		17163 ± 1305	.023
Isoleucine (μmol/L*min)		5538 ± 675		5801 ± 854	.350
Alanine (μmol/L*min)		66543 ± 2366		67875 ± 3756	.630
Ketone Bodies
Ketone Body Concentrations (μmol/L*min)		23316 ± 2503		20325 ± 2114	.069
Beta-hydroxy-butyrate (μmol/L*min)		14876 ± 1986		12774 ± 1941	.091
Aceto-acetate (μmol/L*min)		3949 ± 507		3810 ± 344	.790
Acetone (μmol/L*min)		4535 ± 621		4027 ± 449	.150
Small Molecule Metabolites
Glucose (mg/dL*min)		18123.6 ± 476		17740.8 ± 350	.292
Citrate (mg/dL*min)		24198 ± 1851		24606 ± 1665	.737