Table 4.

Diagnostic Group Statistics and Percentage of Toddlers who Passed at Least One Item (Study 2)

Variable	Modality	Mean # of items passed by diagnostic group			Group statistics			% of toddlers who passed at least one item for each group
		ASD	DD	TD	ASD-DD d	ASD–TD d	p	ASD	DD	TD
RJA	Multimodal	0.91a	1.78b	2.62c	0.82	2.11	.000	58	78	100
	Auditory	0.52a	0.63a	1.21b	0.15	0.68	.005	39	44	59
Composite IJA	Multimodal	1.61a	2.56b	2.64b	1.00	1.04	.000	73	100	100
	Auditory	1.85a	2.27ab	2.41b	0.42	0.64	.024	85	93	100
Higher-level IJA	Multimodal	0.15a	0.54a	1.18b	0.50	1.24	.000	15	29	67
	Auditory	0.18a	0.56ab	0.87b	0.49	0.90	.003	15	32	56
Lower-level IJAa	Multimodal	1.24ab	1.76 b	0.79 a	0.40	0.35	.004	58	71	33
	Auditory	1.42	1.39	0.92	0.03	0.44	.12	70	61	44

Note. RJA = responds to joint attention, IJA = initiates joint attention, ASD = autism spectrum disorder, DD = non-ASD developmental disorders, TD = typically developing. N = 33, 41, and 39 for ASD, DD, and TD groups, respectively. Cohen’s ds are standardized mean differences between the ASD-DD and ASD–TD groups. p values are from an independent-groups analysis of variance. Means that do not differ p < .05 per a Tukey HSD post hoc test share a common subscript.

^aExclusively lower-level IJA