Table 5:
Prevalence of HPV infection over 24 months among in 2,193 men participating in a randomized, controlled trial of male circumcision, stratified by treatment arm and anatomical site
| Glans | Shaft | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Circumcision Arm* (N=1,096) | Control Arm† (N=1,097) | PRR (95% CI) | Circumcision Arm* (N=1,096) | Control Arm† (N=1,097) | PRR (95% CI) | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
| Baseline Visit‡ | ||||||
| HPV DNA positive | 495 (45.16) | 502 (45.76) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.08)≠ | 209 (19.07) | 189 (17.23) | 1.11 (0.93, 1.32)├ |
| High-risk HPV positive | 316 (30.21) | 351 (33.02) | 0.92 (0.81, 1.04) | 129 (12.02) | 125 (11.65) | 1.03 (0.82, 1.30) |
| Low-risk HPV positive | 129 (12.33) | 117 (11.01) | 1.12 (0.89, 1.42) | 57 (5.31) | 40 (3.73) | 1.43 (0.96, 2.12) |
| Single HPV infections | 229 (20.89) | 222 (20.24) | 1.03 (0.88, 1.22) | 128 (11.68) | 118 (10.76) | 1.09 (0.86, 1.37) |
| Multiple HPV infections | 266 (24.27) | 280 (25.52) | 0.95 (0.82, 1.10) | 81 (7.39) | 71 (6.47) | 1.14 (0.84, 1.55) |
| 6-month visit | ||||||
| HPV DNA positive | 236 (24.56) | 409 (42.08) | 0.58 (0.51, 0.67) | 154 (15.98) | 128 (13.17) | 1.21 (0.98, 1.51) |
| High-risk HPV positive | 140 (14.63) | 263 (27.25) | 0.54 (0.45, 0.65) | 91 (9.50) | 80 (8.28) | 1.15 (0.86, 1.53) |
| Low-risk HPV positive | 92 (9.61) | 139 (14.40) | 0.67 (0.52, 0.86) | 57 (5.95) | 42 (4.35) | 1.37 (0.93, 2.02) |
| Single HPV infections | 143 (14.88) | 200 (20.58) | 0.72 (0.60, 0.88) | 99 (10.27) | 84 (8.64) | 1.19 (0.90, 1.57) |
| Multiple HPV infections | 93 (9.68) | 209 (21.50) | 0.45 (0.36, 0.57) | 55 (5.71) | 44 (4.53) | 1.26 (0.86, 1.85) |
| 12-month visit | ||||||
| HPV DNA positive | 211 (21.40) | 431 (43.54) | 0.49 (0.43, 0.56) | 139 (14.08) | 159 (16.06) | 0.88 (0.71, 1.08) |
| High-risk HPV positive | 123 (12.64) | 279 (28.79) | 0.44 (0.36, 0.53) | 77 (7.91) | 88 (9.02) | 0.88 (0.65, 1.18) |
| Low-risk HPV positive | 75 (7.71) | 131 (13.52) | 0.57 (0.44, 0.75) | 49 (5.03) | 57 (5.84) | 0.86 (0.59, 1.25) |
| Single HPV infections | 143 (14.50) | 213 (21.52) | 0.67 (0.56, 0.82) | 106 (10.74) | 107 (10.81) | 0.99 (0.77, 1.28) |
| Multiple HPV infections | 68 (6.90) | 218 (22.02) | 0.31 (0.24, 0.41) | 33 (3.34) | 52 (5.25) | 0.64 (0.42, 0.98) |
| 18-month visit | ||||||
| HPV DNA positive | 191 (20.13) | 430 (44.61) | 0.45 (0.39, 0.52) | 153 (16.17) | 175 (18.13) | 0.89 (0.73, 1.09) |
| High-risk HPV positive | 121 (12.98) | 263 (27.63) | 0.47 (0.39, 0.57) | 105 (11.15) | 110 (11.40) | 0.98 (0.76, 1.26) |
| Low-risk HPV positive | 53 (5.69) | 155 (16.28) | 0.35 (0.26, 0.47) | 44 (4.67) | 65 (6.74) | 0.69 (0.48, 1.01) |
| Single HPV infections | 126 (13.28) | 216 (22.14) | 0.59 (0.49, 0.72) | 110 (11.63) | 117 (12.12) | 0.96 (0.75, 1.22) |
| Multiple HPV infections | 65 (6.85) | 214 (22.20) | 0.31 (0.24, 0.40) | 43 (4.55) | 58 (6.01) | 0.76 (0.52, 1.11) |
| 24-month visit | ||||||
| HPV DNA positive | 175 (18.40) | 356 (38.70) | 0.48 (0.41, 0.56) | 137 (14.42) | 127 (13.77) | 1.05 (0.84, 1.31) |
| High-risk HPV positive | 107 (11.31) | 222 (24.37) | 0.46 (0.38, 0.57) | 86 (9.13) | 70 (7.63) | 1.20 (0.88, 1.62) |
| Low-risk HPV positive | 63 (6.66) | 125 (13.72) | 0.49 (0.36, 0.65) | 43 (4.56) | 52 (5.67) | 0.81 (0.54, 1.19) |
| Single HPV infections | 108 (11.36) | 173 (18.80) | 0.60 (0.48, 0.75) | 87 (9.16) | 78 (8.46) | 1.08 (0.81, 1.45) |
| Multiple HPV infections | 67 (7.05) | 183 (19.89) | 0.35 (0.27, 0.46) | 50 (5.26) | 49 (5.31) | 0.99 (0.67, 1.45) |
Note: n: number; %: percentage; PRR: prevalence risk ratio (circumcision vs. control arm): CI: confidence interval; HPV: human papillomavirus; HR: high-risk; LR: low-risk; Infections with multiple HPV types were considered high-risk if one or more high-risk HPV types were detected. All other multiple infections were considered low-risk types unless they included HPVX.
Missing follow-up HPV result in circumcision arm: 6-month (n= 132); 12-month (n=109); 18-month (n=145); 24-month (n=145)
Missing follow-up HPV result in uncircumcision arm: 6-month (n= 125); 12-month (n=107); 18-month (n=132); 24-month (n=175)
All men were uncircumcised at the baseline visit
0.95 (0.85 –1.07) in analyses restricted to beta-globin positive samples;
1.08 (0.84 – 1.40) in analyses restricted to beta-globin positive samples.