Table 2.
Factors associated with anxiety symptoms at baseline and follow-up.
| Variables (baseline) | Baseline anxiety symptoms (N = 1957) | Anxiety symptoms at follow-up (N = 1836) |
|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted model, unstandardized β-estimate (95% CI)a | Unadjusted model, unstandardized β-estimate (95% CI)a | |
| Sex (ref. = girls) | ||
| Boys | −1.09 (−1.25~−0.93) | −1.08 (−1.25~−0.92) |
| Age (1-age increase) | 0.09 (0.04~0.15) | 0.14 (0.09~0.19) |
| HSS (ref. = fair) | ||
| Excellent | −2.29 (−2.69~−1.88) | −1.42 (−1.84~−1.00) |
| Good | −1.31 (−1.72~−0.91) | −0.64 (−1.06~−0.22) |
| Living arrangement (ref. = living with others) | ||
| Living with both parents | −0.96 (−1.25~−0.67) | −0.61 (−0.91~−0.31) |
| Living with a single parent | −0.10 (−0.47~0.29) | −0.04 (−0.42~0.35) |
| Classmate relations (ref. = poor) | ||
| Good | −3.92 (−4.52~−3.33) | −3.66 (−4.31~−3.01) |
| Average | −1.66 (−2.29~−1.04) | −2.05 (−2.73~−1.37) |
| Relationship with teachers (ref. = poor) | ||
| Good | −1.56 (−2.26~−0.86) | −0.31 (−1.08~0.46) |
| Average | 0.68 (−0.05~1.40) | 1.24 (0.45~2.03) |
| Ever smoking a cigarette (ref. = no) | 0.68 (0.05~1.32) | −0.10 (−0.80~0.60) |
| Ever drinking alcohol (ref. = no) | 1.21 (1.04~1.37) | 1.17 (1.00~1.34) |
| CES-D scores (1-score increase) | 0.32 (0.32~0.33) | 0.23 (0.22~0.23) |
| Morning serum total cortisol (1-level increase) | 0.002 (0.001~0.003) | 0.002 (0.001~0.002) |
| Total RSES scores (1-score increase) | 0.38 (0.37~0.40) | 0.29 (0.28~0.31) |
| Childhood maltreatment | ||
| Physical neglect (1-score increase) | 0.28 (0.21~0.35) | 0.16 (0.08~0.23) |
| Emotional neglect (1-score increase) | 0.18 (0.14~0.22) | 0.11 (0.07~0.16) |
| Emotional abuse (1-score increase) | 0.50 (0.45~0.55) | 0.42 (0.36~0.46) |
| Physical abuse (1-score increase) | 0.44 (0.36~0.52) | 0.36 (0.28~0.44) |
| Sexual abuse (1-score increase) | 0.57 (0.44~0.71) | 0.48 (0.34~0.62) |
| Overall childhood maltreatment (1-score increase) | 0.15 (0.13~0.16) | 0.11 (0.09~0.13) |
| Tendency of coping styles | ||
| Negative coping style (ref. = positive coping style) | 1.95 (1.57~2.34) | 1.31 (1.14~1.47) |
| GAD-7 scores (1-score increase) | NA | 0.54 (0.50~0.58) |
HSS household socioeconomic status, CES-D Center for Epidemiology Scale for Depression, SD standard deviation, RSES Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, GAD generalized anxiety disorder, 95% CI 95% confidence interval.
aThe univariable generalized linear mixed-effects models were performed that accounted for the multi-stage sampling design.