Table 1.
Associations between neighbourhood characteristics and new-onset diseases and health conditions*
| n/N |
HR (95% CI)† |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education (high vs low) | Income (high vs low) | Unemployment (low vs high) | Green space (high vs low) | |||
| Death | 3438/114 786 | 0·86 (0·80–0·92) | 0·72 (0·67–0·77) | 0·84 (0·78–0·90) | 0·87 (0·81–0·93) | |
| Infections | 3032/112 644 | 0·97 (0·90–1·05) | 0·92 (0·85–0·99) | 0·96 (0·89–1·03) | 0·93 (0·86–1·00) | |
| Cancer | 5502/112 666 | 1·02 (0·96–1·08) | 1·03 (0·98–1·09) | 1·01 (0·96–1·07) | 1·06 (1·00–1·11) | |
| Diseases of the blood | 618/114 382 | 0·95 (0·80–1·12) | 0·76 (0·64–0·90) | 0·96 (0·81–1·13) | 0·96 (0·82–1·12) | |
| Endocrine diseases | 6885/113 086 | 0·82 (0·78–0·86) | 0·83 (0·79–0·88) | 0·85 (0·81–0·90) | 0·92 (0·87–0·96) | |
| Diabetes | 5611/112 785 | 0·80 (0·76–0·85) | 0·81 (0·77–0·86) | 0·84 (0·80–0·89) | 0·91 (0·87–0·96) | |
| Obesity (requiring hospital treatment) | 415/114 786 | 0·61 (0·50–0·76) | 0·73 (0·59–0·89) | 0·69 (0·56–0·85) | 0·94 (0·78–1·14) | |
| Mental and behavioural disorders | 1941/112 942 | 0·85 (0·77–0·93) | 0·73 (0·66–0·80) | 0·82 (0·75–0·90) | 0·82 (0·75–0·90) | |
| Disorders due to substance abuse | 696/114 786 | 0·64 (0·54–0·75) | 0·61 (0·52–0·72) | 0·70 (0·59–0·82) | 0·85 (0·73–0·99) | |
| Psychotic disorders | 720/113 800 | 0·88 (0·75–1·03) | 0·63 (0·54–0·74) | 0·83 (0·71–0·97) | 0·70 (0·60–0·81) | |
| Mood disorders | 951/113 892 | 0·94 (0·82–1·08) | 0·75 (0·66–0·86) | 0·85 (0·74–0·97) | 0·79 (0·69–0·90) | |
| Diseases of the nervous system | 5426/110 948 | 0·93 (0·87–0·98) | 0·96 (0·90–1·01) | 0·86 (0·81–0·91) | 1·03 (0·97–1·08) | |
| Sleep disorders | 2846/114 786 | 0·82 (0·76–0·89) | 0·84 (0·78–0·91) | 0·81 (0·75–0·87) | 1·07 (0·99–1·15) | |
| Diseases of the eye | 5472/113 149 | 0·99 (0·94–1·05) | 0·94 (0·89–1·00) | 0·98 (0·92–1·03) | 0·96 (0·91–1·01) | |
| Diseases of the ear | 930/113 829 | 0·93 (0·81–1·07) | 0·92 (0·81–1·06) | 0·83 (0·72–0·95) | 1·02 (0·89–1·16) | |
| Diseases of the circulatory system | 8410/107 313 | 0·94 (0·90–0·98) | 0·95 (0·90–0·99) | 0·89 (0·85–0·93) | 1·03 (0·99–1·08) | |
| Hypertension | 5008/106 221 | 0·95 (0·90–1·01) | 0·98 (0·92–1·03) | 0·89 (0·84–0·95) | 1·02 (0·96–1·07) | |
| Ischaemic heart diseases | 2558/113 585 | 0·95 (0·88–1·03) | 0·95 (0·87–1·03) | 0·81 (0·74–0·88) | 1·02 (0·95–1·11) | |
| Angina pectoris | 1036/113 988 | 0·97 (0·85–1·10) | 1·08 (0·94–1·23) | 0·88 (0·77–1·00) | 1·27 (1·12–1·43) | |
| Heart failure | 539/114 604 | 0·84 (0·70–1·00) | 0·69 (0·57–0·82) | 0·72 (0·60–0·87) | 1·00 (0·84–1·18) | |
| Cerebrovascular diseases | 1382/114 346 | 1·00 (0·89–1·12) | 0·77 (0·69–0·86) | 0·85 (0·76–0·96) | 0·94 (0·84–1·04) | |
| Stroke | 1155/114 449 | 0·98 (0·87–1·11) | 0·75 (0·66–0·84) | 0·82 (0·73–0·93) | 0·91 (0·81–1·02) | |
| Intracerebral haemorrhage | 191/114 738 | 0·78 (0·58–1·06) | 0·54 (0·40–0·73) | 0·72 (0·53–0·96) | 0·68 (0·51–0·91) | |
| Diseases of the respiratory system | 5882/106 991 | 0·89 (0·85–0·94) | 0·85 (0·81–0·90) | 0·90 (0·85–0·95) | 0·96 (0·91–1·01) | |
| Chronic obstructive bronchitis | 491/114 681 | 0·80 (0·66–0·97) | 0·55 (0·45–0·67) | 0·67 (0·56–0·82) | 0·77 (0·64–0·92) | |
| Diseases of the digestive system | 9909/106 081 | 0·89 (0·85–0·93) | 0·97 (0·93–1·01) | 0·90 (0·86–0·94) | 1·03 (0·99–1·08) | |
| Diseases of the skin | 1008/113 627 | 0·87 (0·76–0·99) | 0·81 (0·71–0·92) | 0·73 (0·64–0·83) | 0·99 (0·88–1·13) | |
| Diseases of the musculoskeletal system | 13 435/100 749 | 0·90 (0·86–0·93) | 1·02 (0·98–1·06) | 0·94 (0·91–0·98) | 1·11 (1·07–1·14) | |
| Osteoarthritis | 5964/114 786 | 0·81 (0·77–0·85) | 0·97 (0·92–1·02) | 0·87 (0·82–0·91) | 1·09 (1·04–1·15) | |
| Soft tissue disorders | 5128/114 786 | 0·87 (0·82–0·92) | 1·05 (0·99–1·12) | 0·92 (0·87–0·97) | 1·18 (1·11–1·24) | |
| Diseases of the genitourinary system | 9517/103 653 | 0·95 (0·91–0·99) | 1·04 (1·00–1·09) | 0·96 (0·92–1·01) | 1·10 (1·06–1·15) | |
| Pregnancy complications (hypertension) | 377/87 012 | 1·19 (0·96–1·48) | 1·22 (0·98–1·53) | 1·47 (1·19–1·83) | 1·02 (0·83–1·25) | |
| Digestive and abdominal symptoms | 2160/114 786 | 0·84 (0·76–0·92) | 0·89 (0·81–0·97) | 0·82 (0·75–0·90) | 1·13 (1·04–1·23) | |
| Poisoning | 453/114 786 | 0·73 (0·59–0·89) | 0·61 (0·50–0·75) | 0·63 (0·52–0·78) | 0·76 (0·63–0·91) | |
| Self-harm | 369/91 131 | 0·78 (0·63–0·97) | 0·65 (0·52–0·80) | 0·71 (0·58–0·89) | 0·67 (0·54–0·83) | |
HR=hazard ratio. ICD-10=International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision. Detailed results for all 79 health outcomes are provided in appendix 1 (pp 15–18).
*
All disease groups (ICD-10 chapters) are presented, but only specific health conditions that were associated with any of the neighbourhood characteristics after Bonferroni correction are shown.
†
Adjusted for age, sex, education, and cohort.