TABLE 1.

Traditional medicinal plants with estrogenic activity.

	Scientific name	Family	Common name	Extract/compound	Model	Effect	References
	Achillea millefolium L	Asteraceae	Yarrow	Methanolic extract	MCF-7 cells	Stimulation of the ER ß	Innocenti et al. (2007)
	Adenophora stricta Miq	Campanulaceae	Sha shen and ladybells	Methanolic extract	Recombinant yeast system	EA	Kim et al. (2008)
	Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge	Asparagaceae	Zhi mu	Methanolic extract	Recombinant yeast system	EA	Kim et al. (2008)
	Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels	Apiaceae	Dong quai, dang gui	Ferulic acid and Z-Ligustilide	OVX rat	EA	Liu et al. (2001)
							Circosta et al. (2006)
	Artemisia vulgaris L	Asteraceae	Mugwort	Eriodictyol and apigenin	Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain BJ3505	EA	Lee et al. (1998)
	Asplenium trichomanes L	Aspleniaceae	Maidenhair spleenwort, tie jiao jue	Leaves infusion, decoction, and methanol extract	MCF7/EREluc cell line, which expresses endogenous ERα, and SK-NBE cells transiently transfected with the ERα and ERβ	Stimulation of ERα and ERβ	Dall'Acqua et al. (2009)
	Astragalus mongholicus Bunge. syn. Astragalus membranaceus	Fabaceae	Mongolian milk, huang qi	Decoction	MCF-7 cells	Activation of ERE	Gong et al. (2016)
	Elettaria cardamomum L	Zingiberaceae	Cardamon	Methanolic extract	MCF-7 breast cancer cells using the E-Screen bioassay	EA	Real et al. (2015)
	Cocos nucifera L	Arecaceae	Coconut palm	Juice	OVX rat	EA on the progression of AD-like pathology	Radenahmad et al. (2009)
	Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik	Fabaceae	Bu gu zhi, cule	Ethanolic extract	Saccharomyces cerevisiae ER + LYS 8127, MCF-7 cells	Stimulation of ERβ and ERα	Lim et al. (2011)
	Cynomorium coccineum subsp. songaricum (Rupr.) J. Léonard	Cynomoriaceae	Hongo de Malta and jopo de lobo	Ethanolic extract	Recombinant yeast system	EA	Zhang et al. (2005)
	Curcuma aromatica Salisb	Zingiberaceae	Yu jin, wild turmeric	Rhizome extract	Recombinant yeast system	EA	Kang et al. (2006)
	Dunbaria villosa (Thunb.) Makino	Fabaceae	Ye bian dou	Methanolic extract	Ishikawa cells	EA	Yoo et al. (2005)
	Epimedium brevicornu Maxim	Berberidaceae	Yin yang huo, horney goat weed	Ethanolic extract	Recombinant yeast system	EA	Zhang et al. (2005)
	Glycine max (L.) Merr	Fabaceae	Soybean, da dou, soya	Methanolic extract/Biochanin A, genistein, daidzein, formononetin, and glycitein	MCF-7 cells	EA, binding to ERα and ERβ and the PR	Boue et al. (2003)
	Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch	Fabaceae	Gan cao, Chinese liquorice	Ethanolic extract	Recombinant yeast system	EA	Kang et al. (2006)
	Glycyrrhiza glabra L	Fabaceae	Licorice, yang gan cao, regaliz	Ethyl acetate extract from licorice root	Recombinant yeast system	EA toward either one or both ERα and ERβ	Simons et al. (2011)
	Humulus lupulus L	Cannabaceae	Hops, pi jiu hua	Methanolic extract	Ishikawa cells	Competitive binding to ERα and ERβ	Liu et al. (2001)
	Hylodesmum podocarpum subsp. oxyphyllum (DC.) H.Ohashi and R.R.Mill. syn. Desmodium oxyphyllum	Fabaceae	Jian ye chang bing Shan ma huang, tick-trefoils	Methanolic extract	Ishikawa cells	EA	Yoo et al. (2005)
	Iris domestica (L.) Goldblatt & Mabb. syn. Belamcanda chinensis	Iridaceae	Vanilla domestica, blackberry lilly	Ethanolic extract	Recombinant yeast system	EA	Zhang et al. (2005)
	Kummerowia striata (Thunb.) Schindl	Fabaceae	Ji yan cao, Japanese clover	Methanolic extract	Ishikawa cells	EA	(Yoo et al., 2005)
	Lespedeza bicolor Turcz	Fabaceae	Shrub bush-clover, bicolored lespedeza, shrub lespedeza, hu zhi zi	Methanolic extract	Ishikawa cells	EA	Yoo et al. (2005)
	Lycopus cavaleriei H. Lév. syn. Lycopus ramosissimus	Lamiaceae	Xiao ye di su, ko-shiro-ne	Dichloromethane extraction	Recombinant yeast system	EA	Kim et al. (2008)
							Kang et al. (2006)
	Maackia amurensis Rupr	Fabaceae	Amur maackia, chao xian huai	Methanolic extract	Ishikawa cells	EA	Yoo et al. (2005)
	Maackia floribunda (Miq.) Takeda syn. Maackia fauriei	Fabaceae	Hanemi-inuenju, duo hua ma an shu	Methanolic extract	Ishikawa cells	EA	Yoo et al. (2005)
	Medicago sativa L	Fabaceae	Alfalfa sprout, zi mu xu	Methanolic extract/Biochanin A, genistein, daidzein, formononetin, and glycitein	MCF-7 cells	EA-binding to the ERα and ERβ and PR	Boue et al. (2003)
	Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. and Panax quinquefolius L	Araliaceae	Asian ginseng and north american ginseng, respectively	Methanolic extract	Ishikawa cells	Competitive binding to ERα and ERβ	Liu et al. (2001)
	Phaseolus vulgaris L	Fabaceae	Green bean Red kidney bean	Methanolic extract	MCF-7 cells	Estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities	Boue et al. (2011)
	Prunus persica (L.) Batsch	Rosaceae	Peach, melocotón	Methanolic extract	Recombinant yeast system	EA	Kang et al. (2006)
	Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.)	Fabaceae	Ge ma mu, kudzu root	Methanolic extract	Recombinant yeast systemcultured MCF-7 cells ishikawa cells	EA-binding to the ERα ERβ and PR	Kang et al. (2006)
							Boue et al. (2003), Yoo et al. (2005)
	Reynoutria japonica Houtt. syn. Fallopia japonica and Polygonum cuspidatum	Polygonaceae	Hu zhang	Ethanolic extract	Recombinant yeast system	EA	Zhang et al. (2005)
	Reynoutria multiflora(Thunb) Moldenke syn Polygonum multiflorum (Thunb)	Polygonaceae	Chinese knotweed, He shou Wu, fo-ti	Ethanolic extract	Recombinant yeast system	EA	Zhang et al. (2005)
							Kang et al. (2006)
	Rheum palmatum L	Polygonaceae	Chinese rhubard, zhang ye da huang	Ethanolic extract	Recombinant yeast system	EA	Zhang et al. (2005)
							Kang et al. (2008)
	Rhodiola rosea L	Crassulaceae	Golden root, rose root, arctic root, orpin rosea, hong jing tian	Extract (flavonoids)	Molecular docking	EA (ERα and ERβ)	Powers and Setzer (2015)
	Salvia officinalis L	Lamiaceae	Sage, garden sage, salvia	Aqueous-ethanolic extract	Cell line T7D-Kbluc	Estrogenicity (ERLUX assay)	Rahte et al. (2013)
	Salvia lavandulifolia Vahl	Lamiaceae	Spanish sage	Ethanolic extract	Recombinant yeast system	EA	Perry et al. (2001)
	Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi	Lamiaceae	Huang qin, Chinese skullcap	Ethanolic extract	Recombinant yeast system	EA	Zhang et al. (2005)
	Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby. syn Cassia obtusifolia L	Fabaceae	American sicklepod	Ethanolic extract	Recombinant yeast system	EA	Zhang et al. (2005)
	Sophora flavescens Aiton	Fabaceae	Ku shen	Ethanolic extract	Recombinant yeast system and Ishikawa cells	EA	Kang et al. (2006)
							Yoo et al. (2005)
	Trifolium pratense L	Fabaceae	Red clover, hong che zhou cao	Methanolic extract/Biochanin A, genistein, daidzein, formononetin, and glycitein	MCF-7 cells	EA binding to the ERα and ERβ and PR	Boue et al. (2003)
	Turnera diffusa Willd	Passifloraceae	Damiana, oreganillo, mexican tea	Methanolic extract	Yeast estrogen screen (YES) assay	EA	Zhao et al. (2008)
	Vitex agnus-castus L	Lamiaceae	Vitex, chaste tree, chasteberry	Methanolic extract	Ishikawa cells	Competitive binding to ERα and ERβ	Liu et al. (2001), Liu et al. (2004)
	Vigna radiata (L.)	Fabaceae	Lu dou, mung bean	Methanolic extrac Biochanin A, genistein, daidzein, formononetin, and glycitein	MCF-7 cells	EA binding to the ERα, ERβ, and PR	Boue et al. (2003)
	Wurfbainia villosa var. xanthioides, syn. Amomum xanthioides (Wall ex Baker) Skornick. and A.D. Poulsen (syn, Amomum xanthioides Wallich)	Zingiberaceae	Malabar cardamom	Methanolic extract	Recombinant yeast system	EA	Kim et al. (2008)
	Zingiber officinale Roscoe	Zingiberaceae	Jiang, ginger	Methanolic extract	Recombinant yeast system	EA	Kim et al. (2008)
							Kang et al. (2006)