Table 1.
Extraction techniques of various congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers
| Congener | Sample matrix | Extraction mode | Analysis | Concentration | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 28 | sediment | SE | b | 0.002 ng/g dw-0.251 ng/g dw | [70] |
| soil | SE | a | 0.78 ng/g dw-5.15 ng/g dw | [15] | |
| soil | PLE | b | <LOD-0.04 ng/g dw | [33] | |
| sewage sludge | UAE | c | 1.12 ± 0.03 ng/g | [191] | |
| human serum | UAE | d | <LOD-0.74 ng/g | [192] | |
| Fish and mussels | UAE | d | 0.04 ng/g ww-0.358 ng/g dw | [88] | |
| human semen | e | 2.282 pg/g ww-8.28 pg/g ww | [78] | ||
| human blood | centrifugation | e | 5.74 pg/g ww-15.1 pg/g ww | [78] | |
| 47 | sediment | SE | b | 0.012 ng/g dw-0.365 ng/g dw | [70] |
| sediment | USE | d | 190 ± 10–780 ± 60 pg/g dw | [193] | |
| sewage sludge | UAE | c | 38.6 ± 1.6 ng/g | [191] | |
| human serum | UAE | d | 0.84 ng/g-1.89 ng/g | [192] | |
| Water sample | SPE | d | 15–205 pg/L | [193] | |
| Soil | PLE | b | 0.23–0.39 ng/g dw | [33] | |
| human semen | e | 4.32 pg/g ww-9.32 pg/g ww | [78] | ||
| blood sample | centrifugation | e | 8.54 pg/g ww-18.0 pg/g ww | [78] | |
| fish and mussels | USE | d | 0.09 ng/g ww-1.73 ng/g dw | [88] | |
| wastewater | SPME | f | 134 ± 19 | [96] | |
| Milk | SPME | f | 12.7 ± 2.2–32.0 ± 3.2 | [96] | |
| Sludge from WWTP | USE | a | 8–90 ng/g dw | [147] | |
| 66 | sediment | SE | a | 0.80 ng/g dw | [15] |
| 71 | sediment | SE | a | 2.27 ng/g dw | [15] |
| soil | SE | a | 1.93 ng/g dw −16.1 ng/g dw | [15] | |
| 99 | sediment | SE | a | 6.87 ng/g dw | [15] |
| sediment | SE | b | 0.011 ng/g dw-0.491 ng/g dw | [70] | |
| sediment | USE | d | 340 ± 40–2990 ± 390 | [193] | |
| soil | SE | b | 13.3 ng/g dw-615 ng/g dw | [15] | |
| sewage sludge | UAE | c | 29.3 ± 0.7 | [191] | |
| human serum | UAE | d | <LOD-1.64 ng/g | [192] | |
| Water sample | SPE | d | 13–181 pg/L | [193] | |
| Soil | PLE | b | 0.26–0.55 ng/g dw | [35] | |
| human semen | e | 2.25 pg/g ww-7.47 pg/g ww | [78] | ||
| human blood | centrifugation | e | 1.52 pg/g ww-7.55 pg/g ww | [78] | |
| fish and mussels | USE | d | <LOD-0.402 ng/g dw | [88] | |
| wastewater | SPME | f | 155 ± 20 | [96] | |
| milk | SPME | f | nd −135 ± 11 | [96] | |
| Sludge from WWTP | USE | a | 18–33 ng/g dw | [147] | |
| 100 | sediment | SE | b | 0.005 ng/g dw | [70] |
| sediment | 92 ± 10–540 ± 80 pg/g dw | [193] | |||
| soil | SE | a | 2.70 ng/g dw-89.4 ng/g dw | [15] | |
| Soil | PLE | b | 0.09–0.16 ng/g dw | [35] | |
| fish and mussels | USE | d | 0.09 ng/g ww-0.387 ng/g dw | [88] | |
| sewage sludge | UAE | c | 8.1 ± 0,2 ng/g | [191] | |
| human serum | UAE | d | <LOD-1.48 ng/g | [192] | |
| Water sample | SPE | d | 4–29 pg/L | [193] | |
| human semen | e | <LOD-0.517 pg/g ww | [78] | ||
| human blood | centrifugation | e | <LOD-2.66 pg/g ww | [78] | |
| wastewater | SPME | f | 147 ± 10 | [96] | |
| milk | SPME | f | Nd-34.4 ± 5.2 | [96] | |
| 138 | soil | SE | a | 2.35 ng/g dw −9.91 ng/g dw | [15] |
| 139 | soil | SE | a | 3.56 ng/g dw-39.9 ng/g dw | [15] |
| 153 | sediment | SE | b | 0.001 ng/g dw-0.281 ng/g dw | [70] |
| sediment | USE | d | 70 ± 10–130 ± 30 pg/g dw | [193] | |
| soil | SE | a | 44.1 ng/g dw −210 ng/g dw | [15] | |
| fish and mussels | USE | d | <LOD-0.221 ng/g dw | [88] | |
| sewage sludge | UAE | c | 7.3 ± 0.4 ng g | [191] | |
| human serum | UAE | d | <LOD-2.61 ng/g | [192] | |
| Water sample | SPE | d | 6–38 pg/L | [192] | |
| Soil | PLE | b | 0.04–0,12 ng/g dw | [35] | |
| human semen | e | <LOD-6.37 pg/g ww | [78] | ||
| human blood | centrifugation | e | 10.7 pg/g ww-25.6 pg/g ww | [78] | |
| 154 | sediment | SE | b | 0.002 ng/g dw-0.541 ng/g dw | [70] |
| sediment | USE | d | 50 ± 10–100 ± 10 PG/G dw | [193] | |
| soil | SE | a | 32.0 ng/g dw-48.9 ng/g dw | [15] | |
| Soil | PLE | b | <LOD-0.08 | [35] | |
| fish and mussels | USE | d | <LOD-0.317 ng/g dw | [88] | |
| sewage sludge | UAE | c | 5.3 ± 0.2 ng/g | [191] | |
| human serum | UAE | d | <LOD-1.46 ng/g | [192] | |
| human semen | e | <LOD-0.734 pg/g ww | [78] | ||
| human blood | centrifugation | e | <LOD-2.45 pg/g ww | [78] | |
| wastewater | SPME | f | 215 ± 4 ng/L | [96] | |
| milk | SPME | f | Nd-225 ± 20 ng/L | [96] | |
| Water sample | SPE | d | 4–25 pg/g | [193] | |
| 183 | sediment | SE | b | 0.019 ng/g dw-0.911 ng/g dw | [70] |
| sediment | USE | d | 20 ± 10–90 ± 20 pg/g dw | [193] | |
| soil | SE | a | 22.3 ng/g dw- 824 ng/g dw | [15] | |
| Soil | PLE | b | <LOD-0.24 ng/g dw | [35] | |
| human semen | e | <LOD-1.06 pg/g ww | [78] | ||
| human blood | centrifugation | e | 0.193 pg/g ww −4.54 pg/g ww | [78] | |
| Water sample | SPE | d | 3–32 pg/L | [193] | |
| 209 | human semen | e | <LOD-18.2 pg/g ww | [78] | |
| human blood | centrifugation | e | 25.3 pg/g ww −61.3 pg/g ww | [78] | |
| Sludge from WWTP | USE | a | Nd- 1135 ng/g dw | [147] | |
| Water sample | SPE | d | 770–3810 pg/L | [193] | |
| sediment | USE | d | 2130 ± 270–10,600 ± 1200 | [193] | |
| sediment | soxhlet | a | 0.781 ng/g-8.95 ng/g dw | [70] |
a – GC-MS/MS; b – GC-MS; c – GC-ICP; d – GC-ICP-MS; e – GC-MS NCI with SIM; f - GC-ECD