Fig. 1. Identification of subtypes of gastric cancer based on pathway clustering.

a Consensus clustering of gastric cancer (GC) identifies three subtypes (ImD, StE, and ImE) based on the enrichment levels of 15 pathways in 3 different datasets (TCGA-STAD, ACRG-STAD, and GSE84437). The enrichment levels of the pathways were evaluated by ssGSEA²⁶ of all genes involved in them. The 15 pathways are associated with immune, DNA damage repair, oncogenic, and stromal signatures. b PCA confirms that GCs can be clearly separated into three subgroups based on the ssGSEA scores of the pathways. ImD immunity-deprived, StE stroma-enriched, ImE immunity-enriched, MSI microsatellite instable, MSS microsatellite stable, MSI-H high microsatellite instability, MSI-L low microsatellite instability, EMT epithelial–mesenchymal transition (These also apply to the following figures).