Fig. 4.

STING1 in pyroptosis. STING1 activates NLRP3 and subsequent pyroptosis via three pathways: a LPS directly triggers STING1-IRF3 activation via TLR4 and activated IRF3 increases the expression of NLRP3; b STING1 interacts with NLRP3 and prevents ubiquitin-mediated degradation of NLRP3; c STING1 induces lysosomal cell death, causing potassium efflux to activate an NLRP3 inflammasome. CASP caspase, CGAS cyclic GMP-AMP synthase, ER endoplasmic reticulum, IRF3 interferon regulatory factor 3, LPS lipopolysaccharide, NLRP3 NLR family pyrin domain containing 3, STING1 stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1, TLR4 toll-like receptor 4