. 2021 May 20;8:663698. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.663698

Table 3.

Effects of thiamine supplementation on metabolites in the rumen and contents of thiamine, lipopolysaccharide, cytokine, and IgA in the blood of goats fed with a high-concentrate diet.

	Dietary treatment
Item	CON	HC	HCT	SEM	P-value
RUMINAL
pH	6.15^a	5.36^b	6.05^a	0.13	0.001
Thiamine (μg/L)	8.03^a	2.59^c	5.40^b	0.21	0.004
LPS (× 10³ EU/ml)	26.46^a	48.37^b	31.65^a	2.95	0.008
Acetate (mM)	42.08^a	33.82^b	46.32^a	3.13	0.003
Propionate (mM)	14.62^c	34.98^a	19.28^b	2.26	0.006
Butyrate (mM)	10.89^c	17.64^a	13.21^b	0.54	0.003
TVFA (mmol/L)	67.64^c	86.82^a	78.88^b	3.16	0.008
BLOOD
Thiamine (μg/L)	15.67^a	10.18^c	12.64^b	0.33	0.005
LPS (EU/ml)	0.28^b	0.69^a	0.35^b	0.11	0.004
LBP (μg/ml)	26.49^b	58.34^a	34.54^b	0.24	0.007
IgA (ng/ml)	61.34^a	47.36^b	58.69^a	3.34	0.009
TNF-α (ng/L)	38.26	46.38	36.59	6.52	0.473
IL-1β (ng/L)	139.54^b	216.39^a	151.62^b	13.79	0.008
IL6 (ng/L)	39.27^b	65.82^a	43.53^b	5.56	0.017
IL10 (ng/L)	46.49	52.56	45.74	7.64	0.265

Within a row, means without a common superscript letter differ (P < 0.05).

TVFA, total volatile fatty acid; LBP, lipopolysaccharide binding protein; IgA, immune globulin; EU, endotoxin unit; IU, international unit; CON, control; HC, high-concentrate diet; HCT, high-concentrate diet supplemented with 200 mg of thiamine/kg of dry matter intake (n = 8 goats/treatment).