TABLE 8.

Mechanisms of antitumor drug resistance mediated by platelets.

Tumor type	Drug resistance	Mechanisms	References
Adenocarcinoma	Paclitaxel	Platelets secreting thrombospondin-1, and RANTES, modulating cancer cell cycle, DNA damage repair pathways and MAPK levels.	Radziwon-Balicka et al., 2012
HCC	Multikinase inhibitor	Platelets derived growth factors such as PDGF, TGF-α and -β, EGF and serotonin, regulating the sensitivity and resistance to multikinase inhibitors.	D’Alessandro et al., 2015
NSCLC	Cisplatin	Platelets rescuing cisplatin-induced apoptosis via the Akt/Bad/Bcl-2 signaling pathway.	Wang Z. et al., 2018
Pancreatic cancer	Cisplatin	Platelets releasing TGF-β, activating PI3K/Akt and MEK/Erk signaling.	Chen et al., 2013

HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; EGF, epidermal growth factor; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer.