Table 1.
Common gene alterations in bladder cancer.
| Gene Name | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| HER2 | Higher expression of HER2 indicates more aggressive tumor invasiveness. | (10) |
| ERCC1 | ERCC1 is involved in the drug resistance of cisplatin and other chemotherapeutic drugs. Low expression of ERCC1 has a longer survival period. | (13) |
| EGFR,ERBB2,ERBB3 | Overexpression of EGFR, ERBB2 or ERBB3 is associated with tumor grade, stage, and prognosis in bladder cancer. | (19) |
| PIK3CA | Its mutation occurs in 25% of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, associated with bladder cancer development and progression. | (20) |
| p16 | The loss of tumor suppressor genes (p16) often indicates the recurrence of low-grade bladder cancer. | (21) |
| p53,Rb,PTEN | Inactivate p53 and pRb induces the invasion of tumor and metastasis of bladder cancer. | (24, 25) |
| TERT | TERT is highly expressed in invasive and advanced bladder cancer patients as compared to the early and non-invasive bladder cancer patients. | (26) |
| STAG2, ESPL1, NIPBL | STAG2, ESPL1 and NIPBL genes with frequent mutations in bladder cancer are involved in the sister chromatid cohesion and segregation process. | (44) |
| ERCC2 | ERCC2 mutations indicate a better prognosis of chemotherapy for bladder cancer and a lower rate of recurrence and metastasis within 2 years. | (50–52) |
| ELF3, MYBL2 | Tumor suppressors. | (60) |
| MEG3, APEX1, EZH2 | Inducer of bladder cancer progression. | (60) |
| FGFR3 | The luminal-papillary subtype is characterized by FGFR3 mutations, fusion with transforming acid coiled-coil containing protein 3 (TACC3), or amplification. | (65) |