Table 1.

Selected lncRNAs and circRNA involved in GDM.

lncRNAs	Expressionin GDM	Target Gene	Key Points of Investigation	Model (In Vitro, In Vivo, Human)	Sample Type	Sample Size	Ref.
lncRNA MALAT1	Up	–	Knockdown of lncRNA MALAT1 reduced the expression of TGF-beta and NF-kappa B	Human, in vitro	Placental tissues	78 GDM vs 38 controls	(48)
lncRNA MEG3	Up	miR-345-3p	lncRNA MEG3 overexpression significantly inhibited HTR-8/SVneo cell viability, and prevented cell migration and invasion in addition to inducing cell apoptosis	Human, in vitro	Placental tissues and peripheral blood	20 GDM vs 20 controls	(49)
lncRNA MEG3	Up	miR-370-3p	MEG3 overexpression leads to downregulated miR-370-3p and upregulates AFF1 mainly through inhibiting PI3K/AKT pathway	Human, in vitro	HUVECs from pregnancy	16 GDM vs 18 controls	(50)
lncRNA H19	Down	–	H19 affects insulin secretion by altering the cellular function of islet cells	In vivo	–	–	(51)
lncRNA DANCR	Down	miR-33a-5p	lnc-DANCR-miR-33a-5p-ABCA1 signaling cascade plays a crucial role in GDM	Human, in vitro	Peripheral blood	12 GDM vs 12 controls	(52)
lncRNA PVT1	Down	–	105 differentially expressed genes after PVT1 knockdown	in vitro	–	–	(53)
Hsa_circRNA_0054633	Up	–	Hsa_circ_0054633 showed a significant diagnostic value	Human	Neonatal cord blood, placental tissues and peripheral blood	40 GDM vs 40 controls (2nd trimester), 65 GDM vs 65 controls (third trimester)	(54)
Hsa_circRNA_0005243	Down	–	Knockdown of hsa_circ_0005243 reduced the expression of β-catenin and increased nuclear NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation	Human, in vitro	Placental tissues and peripheral blood	20 GDM vs 20 controls	(55)
Hsa_circRNA_102893	Down	–	Hsa_circ_102893 showed a significant diagnostic value	Human	Peripheral blood	12 GDM vs 12 controls (training set), 18 GDM vs 18 controls (test set)	(56)

circRNA, circular RNA; lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; miRNA, microRNA; GDM, Gestational diabetes mellitus.