Table 2.
Selected miRNAs involved in GDM.
| miRNAs | Expression in GDM | Key Points of Investigation | Model (In Vitro, In Vivo, Human) | Sample Type | Sample Size | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| miRNA-19a | Up | – | Human | Peripheral blood | 100 GDM vs 100 controls | (65) | |
| miRNA-19b | Up | – | Human | Peripheral blood | 100 GDM vs 100 controls | (65) | |
| miR-98 | Up | Up-regulation of miR-98 in the placental tissues of human GDM is linked to the global DNA methylation via targeting Mecp2 | Human, in vitro | Placenta | 193 GDM vs 202 controls | (66) | |
| miR-101 | Up | EZH2 is both a transcriptional inhibitor and a target gene of miR-101 in HUVECs, and it contributes to some of the miR-101-induced defects of GDM-HUVECs | Human, in vitro | HUVECs | 22 GDM vs 24 controls | (67) | |
| miR-137 | Up | Upregulating miR-137 in HTR-8/SVneo cells downregulates the expression levels of FNDC5 | Human, in vitro | Placenta | 19 GDM vs 20 controls | (68) | |
| miR-137 | Up | Upregulating miR-137 enhanced the interaction between endothelial cells and monocytes | Human, in vitro | Peripheral blood | 11 GDM vs 12 controls | (69) | |
| miR-140 | Up | miR-140-3p suppresses IR-α and IGF1R expression via targeting the 3’UTRs | Human, in vitro | Placental tissues | 33GDM vs 20 controls | (70) | |
| miR-142-3p | Up | miR-142-3p promotes the survival of pancreatic β cells through targeting FOXO1 | In vivo and in vitro | – | – | (71) | |
| miR-145-5p | Up | Targeting APOB, IRS1, RETN, and GCG | Human | Peripheral blood | 2 GDM vs 2 controls | (63) | |
| miR-146b-3p | Up | Targeting IL-6 | Human | Peripheral blood | 2 GDM vs 2 controls | (63) | |
| miR−195−5p | Up | miR-195-5p may inhibit cell viability, proliferation and promote apoptosis by targeting EZH2 | In vitro (HUVEC cell line) | – | – | (72) | |
| miR-195-5p | Up | miR-195-5p targeted large number of important genes regarding metabolism | Human | Peripheral blood | 13 GDM vs 9 controls | (73) | |
| miR-325 | Up | Targeting GCG | Human | Peripheral blood | 2 GDM vs 2 controls | (63) | |
| miR-335-5p | Up | miR‐335‐5p can promote insulin resistance and suppress pancreatic islet β‐cell secretion in GDM via activating the TGF‐β signaling pathway and suppressing the expression of VASH1 | In vivo | – | – | (74) | |
| miR-330-3p | Up | miR-330-3p target genes analysis revealed major modulators of beta-cell proliferation and of insulin secretion, such as the experimentally validated genes E2F1 and CDC42 as well as AGT2R2 | Human | Peripheral blood | 21 GDM vs 10 controls | (75) | |
| miRNA-340 | Up | mRNA and protein expression of PAIP1, a miRNA-340 target gene, was found down-regulated in GDM | Human | Peripheral blood | 8 GDM vs 8 controls | (76) | |
| miR‐351 | Up | miR‐351 protects against IR and liver gluconeogenesis by repressing the PI3K/AKT pathway through regulating FLOT2 | In vivo, in vitro | – | – | (77) | |
| miR-770-5p | Up | miR-770-5p is a vital regulator in pancreatic β-cell proliferation, apoptosis and insulin secretion by targeting TRIAP1 | Human, in vitro | Peripheral blood | 30 GDM vs 30 controls | (78) | |
| miR-365a-3p | Up | Targeting IL-6 | Human | Peripheral blood | 2 GDM vs 2 controls | (63) | |
| miR-503 | Up | miR-503 regulated functions of pancreatic β-cells by targeting the mTOR pathway | Human, in vitro | Placental tissues and peripheral blood | 3 GDM vs 3 controls (placenta); 25 GDM vs 25 controls (peripheral blood) | (79) | |
| miR-518d | Up | Upregulation of miR-518d may be associated with the pathogenesis of GDM via an effect on the regulation of PPARα expression | Human, in vitro | Placenta | 40 GDM vs 40 controls | (80) | |
| miR-520e | Up | Targeting APOB | Human | Peripheral blood | 2 GDM vs 2 controls | (63) | |
| miR-568 | Up | Targeting IL-6 | Human | Peripheral blood | 2 GDM vs 2 controls | (63) | |
| miR-574-3p | Up | Targeting IL-6 | Human | Peripheral blood | 2 GDM vs 2 controls | (63) | |
| miR-583 | Up | Targeting ALB | Human | Peripheral blood | 2 GDM vs 2 controls | (63) | |
| miR-657 | Up | Dysregulation of miR‐657 contributes to the pathogenesis of GDM via IL‐37/NF‐κB signaling axis | Human, in vitro | Placenta | 48 GDM vs 46 controls | (81) | |
| miR-20a-5p | Down | – | Human | Peripheral blood | 28GDM vs 53 controls | (82) | |
| miR-21 | Down | miR-21 inhibits cell growth and infiltration by up-regulating PPAR-α | Human, in vitro | Placental tissues and peripheral blood | 137 GDM vs 158 controls | (83) | |
| miR-29b | Down | Downregulation of miR-29b may be related with GDM partially via increasing the expression of HIF3A | Human, in vitro | Placental tissues | 204 GDM vs 202 controls | (84) | |
| miR-29b | Down | Effect of miR-29b on GDM rats targeting PI3K/Akt signal | In vivo (GDM rat model) | – | – | (85) | |
| miR-96 | Down | miR-96 enhanced β-cell function, whereas PAK1 inhibited β-cell function and cell viability | Human, in vitro | Peripheral blood | 3 GDM vs 3 controls | (86) | |
| miR-122 | Down | miR-122 levels were regulated both in vitro through PPARγ activation and in vivo through a maternal diet enriched in PPAR ligands | In vivo and in vitro | – | – | (87) | |
| miR-138-5p | Down | Overexpression of miR-138-5p inhibits the migration and proliferation of HTR-8/SVneo via TBL1X | Human, in vitro | Placenta | 8 GDM vs 8 controls | (88) | |
| miR-143 | Down | Down-regulation of miR-143 mediates the metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis in placenta of women with GDM | Human, in vitro | Placenta | 6 GDM vs 6 controls | (89) | |
| miR-155-5p | Down | – | Human | Peripheral blood | 14 GDM vs 27 controls | (90) | |
| miR-181a | Down | – | Human | Umbilical-cord blood cells | 20 GDM vs 20 controls | (91) | |
| miR-193b | Down | miR-193b suppresses apoptosis and autophagy via targeting IGFBP5 | Human, in vitro | Peripheral blood | 20 GDM vs 20 controls | (92) | |
| miRNA-221 | Down | Overexpression of miRNA-221 could stimulate insulin secretion, cell proliferation and suppress apoptosis via PAK1 in INS-1 cells | In vivo and in vitro | – | – | (93) | |
| miR-345-3p | Down | Negative regulation of BAK1 by miR-345-3p | Human, in vitro | Placental tissues and peripheral blood | 30 GDM vs 30 controls | (94) | |
| miR-371a-5p | Down | Targeting IL-6 | Human | Peripheral blood | 2 GDM vs 2 controls | (63) | |
| miR-374b-5p | Down | Targeting IL-6 | Human | Peripheral blood | 2 GDM vs 2 controls | (63) | |
| miR-494 | Down | miR-494 knockdown exhibited decreased insulin secretion and proliferation, as well as stimulated apoptosis in pancreatic β-cell by targeting PTEN | Human, in vitro | Peripheral blood | 20 GDM vs 20 controls | (95) | |
| miR-609 | Down | Targeting ALB and IGF2 | Human | Peripheral blood | 2 GDM vs 2 controls | (63) | |
| miR-873 | Down | Downregulation of miR-873 upregulates the expression of IGFBP2 and activated PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis | In vivo (GDM rat model) | – | – | (96) | |
| miR-875-5p | Down | Targeting TNF, LEP, and IRS1 | Human | Peripheral blood | 2 GDM vs 2 controls | (63) | |
miR, microRNA; GDM, Gestational diabetes mellitus.