Table 3.

Extracellular vehicles and their cargos in GDM.

Cargo	Detection Methods	Key Points of Investigation	Model (In Vitro, In Vivo, Human)	Sample Type	Sample Size	Ref.
lncRNA, mRNA	Microarray	84 mRNAs and 256 lncRNAs differentially expressed in EVs of GDM patients compared with controls	Human	Umbilical cord blood	23 GDM vs 23 controls	(107)
miRNA	RT-qPCR	miR-222-3p, miR-516b-5p, miR-16-5p, miR-517-3p and miR-518-5p	Human	Urine	27 GDM vs 34 controls	(108)
miRNA	RT-qPCR	miR-122-5p; miR-132-3p; miR-1323; miR-136-5p; miR-182-3p; miR-210-3p; miR-29a-3p; miR-29b-3p; miR-342-3p, and miR-520h	Human	Peripheral blood	23 GDM vs 46 controls	(109)
miRNA	Next generation sequencing	Differentially expressed miRNAs in EVs unveil that they target genes associated with glucose homeostasis and metabolism.	Human	Chorionic villi explant culture, skeletal muscle tissue and plasma samples	12 GDM vs 12 controls	(110)
circRNA	Microarray	229 circRNAs were significantly up-regulated and 278 circRNAs were significantly down-regulated in the GDM patients	Human	Umbilical cord blood	23 GDM vs 23 controls	(111)
Proteins	Mass spectrometry	Ingenuity pathway analysis of the exosomal proteins revealed differential expression of the proteins targeting the sirtuin signaling pathway, oxidative phosphorylation, and mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling pathway	Human	Adipose tissue	82 GDM vs 65 controls	(112)
Proteins	Mass spectrometry	Bioinformatic analysis shows that the exosomal proteins in GDM target pathways are mainly associated with energy production, inflammation, and metabolism	Human	Peripheral blood	11 GDM vs 11 controls	(113)
Proteins	Mass spectrometry	S100 calcium binding protein A9, damage associated molecular pattern signal, was found to be significantly increased in GDM	Human	Urine	8 GDM vs 10 controls	(114)

lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; miRNA, microRNA; GDM, Gestational diabetes mellitus.