Table 2.

Clinical trials - new therapies for chronic ABMR after kidney transplantation.

Trial design	Inclusion criteria	Test therapeutics	Other Immuno suppression	Patients	Follow up	Major results	Ref
single center, open-label case study, historical control	chronic ABMR, DSA+, TG	Tocilizumab (8 mg/kg monthly, maximal dose 800 mg for 6–25 months)	Tac/MMF/Pred	36	6 years	reduction in DSAs and stabilization of renal function at 2 years; graft survival rate of 80%, patient survival rate of 91% at 6 years	Choi J, et al. (126)
randomized controlled trials	ABMR, DSA+	C1 INH (5000 U on day 1 of ABMR, 2500 U on days 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13) add-on standard of care (PP+IVIG+/- anti‐CD20)	n/a	18 (treatment: n=9; placebo: n=9)	6 months	reduction of transplant glomerulopathy	Montgomery RA, et al. (127)
single center, observational study, historical control	refractory active ABMR with acute allograft dysfunction, DSA>3000 MFI, g+ptc≥2	C1 INH (20 units/kg on days 1, 2, and 3 and then twice weekly; IVIG at 2 g/kg every month for 6 months	Tac/MMF/Pred	6	6 months	improvement in eGFR, reduced DSA; no change in histological features	Viglietti D, et al. (128)
randomized controlled trials	adult patient receiving a kidney transplant	Belimumab (10 mg/kg on day 0, 14, and 28, and then every 4 weeks for a total of 7 infusions)	Tac/MMF/Pred	28 (treatment: n=14; placebo: n=14)	6 months	similar proportions of adverse events; no change in the number of naive B cells	Banham GD, et al. (129)

TG, transplant glomerulopathy; Tac, tacrolimus; MMF, mycophenolate mofetil; Pred, prednisone; n/a, not available.