Table 2.

Main microorganisms associated with oral halitosis and non-oral halitosis

Potential microorganisms associated with halitosis (in alphabetical order)	Cause of non-oral halitosis
Atopobium parvulum	Respiratory system problems
Campylobacter rectus	-upper respiratory tract problems
Centipeda periodontii	-lower respiratory tract problems
Eikenella corrodens	Sinusitis
Enterobacteriaceae	Antral malignancy
Eubacterium sulci	Foreign bodies in the nose or lung
Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum	Nasal malignancy and nasal sepsis
Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. polymorphum	Subphrenic abscess
	Tonsilloliths and tonsillitis
Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. vincentii	Pharyngeal malignancy
Fusobacterium periodonticum	Lung infections, bronchitis and bronchiectasis Lung malignancy
Micromonas micros
Porphyromonas endodontalis	Gastrointestinal disease
Porphyromonas gingivalis	Hepatic disease
Prevotella (Bacteroides) melaninogenica	Haematological disorders
Prevotella intermedia	Endocrine system disorders
Solobacterium moorei	Metabolic conditions
Tannerella forsythia (Bacteroides forsythus)	Leukaemias and renal failure
Treponema denticola