Table 4.
Defensive and immunomodulatory mechanisms of probiotics against oral pathogens
| Probiotic species | Protective mechanism(s) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|
| Lactobacillus reuteri | Production of reuterin, reutericyclin Reduction of TNF-α, IL-1, IL-8 and IL-17 |
[71] |
| Weissella cibaria | Inhibition of formation of biofilm by Streptococcus mutans Inhibition of production of VSCs by Fusobacterium nucleatum |
[72] |
| Streptococcus salivarius K12 | Secretion of salivaricins A2 and B | [45] |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | Adhesion to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite | [63] |
| Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis | Inhibition of bone loss Inhibition of colonization of S. mutans in dental plaque |
[73] |
| Bacillus subtilis | Inhibition of bone loss | [74] |
| Bacillus licheniformis | Inhibition of bone loss | [74] |
| Lactobacillus brevisCD2 | Inhibition of bone loss | [75] |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 9595 | Inhibition of CXCL8 attenuation by Porphyromonas gingivalis Promote T helper type 1 and type 17 responses |
[76] |
| Lactobacillus casei Shirota | Augmentation of natural killer cells activity through the induction of IL-12 production by monocytes/macrophages (anti-cancer) Inhibition of IL-6 |
[77] |
| Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus | Anti-bacterial and anti-adherence effects | [78] |
| Enterococcus durans | Reduction of TNF-α and IL-1β | [79] |
| Pediococcus acidilactici UL5 | Production of pediocin PA-1 | [80] |
| Leuconostoc mesenteroides B7 | Production of leucocin B | [81] |
Abbreviations: IL-1 interleukin-1; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-α.