Table 1.
Age and constipation
| Ref. | Location | Sample size | Definition of constipation | Age range (yr) | Prevalence (%) | Odds ratio (95%CI) | P value |
| Harari et al[62], 1989 | United States | 42375 | Self-report (12 mo) | < 40; 40-49; 50-59; 60-69; 70-79; > 80 | 2.6; 2.6; 2.9; 4.1; 5.5; 10.0 | 1.00; 1.00 (0.84, 1.18); 1.11 (0.92, 1.33); 1.60 (1.36, 1.86); 2.11 (1.80, 2.46); 3.80 (3.22, 4.49) | NR |
| Drossman et al[44], 1993 | United States | 5430 | Rome I | 15-34; 35-49; > 45 | 3.8; 3.6; 3.5 | NR | NR |
| Talley et al[49], 1993 | United States | 690 | Rome I | 30-39; 60-64 | 25; 15 | NR | < 0.05 |
| Pare et al[45], 2001 | Canada | 1149 | Self-report (3 mo) | 18-34; 35-49; 50-64; > 65 | 26.4; 28.4; 26.3; 27.4 | NR | NR |
| Pare et al[45], 2001 | Canada | 1149 | Rome I | 18-34; 35-49; 50-64; > 65 | 20.3; 14.5; 15.1; 15.4 | NR | NR |
| Pare et al[45], 2001 | Canada | 1149 | Rome II | 18-34; 35-49; 50-64; > 65 | 16.1; 12.9; 14.8; 16.7 | NR | NR |
| Choung et al[63], 2006 | United States | 3022 | Self-report (12 mo) | < 50; > 50 | 1.321; 7.871 | NR | NR |
| Wald et al[61], 2008 | United States | 2000 | Self-report (12 mo) | < 29; 30-44; 45-59; > 60 | 13.41; 19.11 17.51; 19.91 | NR | NR |
| Chang et al[46], 2007 | United States | 523 | Rome III | < 50; > 50 | 18.2; 17.3 | 1.0; 0.94 (0.60, 1.48) | NR |
| Meinds et al[47], 2017 | Netherlands | 1259 | Rome III | 18-34; 35-46; 47-55; 56-64; 65-85 | 36.3; 26.6; 19.0; 19.2; 19.8 | NR | < 0.001 |
| Garrigues et al[60], 2004 | Spain | 349 | Self-report (12 mo) | 18-30; 31-50; 51-65 | 29.2; 29.2; 30.7 | NR | NS |
| Fosnes et al[54], 2011 | Norway | 4622 | Rome II | NR | NR | 1.01 (1.003, 1.02) | 0.005 |
| Rey et al[55], 2014 | Spain | 1500 | Rome III | 18-40; 41-65; > 65 | 19; 19; 20 | NR | |
| Ebling et al[50], 2014 | Croatia | 658 | Rome III | 20-34; 35-49; 50-69 | 16.2; 22.7; 26.2 | NR | 0.035; 0.182 |
| Papatheodoridis et al[51], 2010 | Greece | 1000 | Rome III or self-report (12 mo) | 15-29; 30-44; 45-59; 60-64 | 12; 16; 18; 25 | 0.422 (0.226, 0.788); 0.721 (0.397, 1.310); 0.670 (0.362, 1.241); 1.0 | 0.007; 0.283; 0.203; 0.010 |
| Wald et al[61], 2008 | United Kingdom | 2000 | Self-report (12 mo) | < 29; 30-44; 45-59; > 60 | 5.91; 7.71; 8.11; 9.11 | NR | NR |
| Wald et al[61], 2008 | France | 2000 | Self-report (12 mo) | < 29; 30-44; 45-59; > 60 | 12.21; 12.41; 9.41; 22.01 | NR | NR |
| Wald et al[61], 2008 | Germany | 2000 | Self-report (12 mo) | < 29; 30-44; 45-59; > 60 | 1.51; 4.31; 5.51; 8.71 | NR | NR |
| Wald et al[61], 2008 | Italy | 2000 | Self-report (12 mo) | < 29; 30-44; 45-59; > 60 | 5.81; 6.91; 8.91 10.61 | NR | NR |
| Wald et al[59], 2010 | China | 2100 | Self-report (12 mo) | < 29; 30-44; 45-59 | 12.71; 16.01; 18.61 | NR | NR |
| Wald et al[59], 2010 | Indonesia | 2000 | Self-report (12 mo) | < 29; 30-44; 45-59; > 60; | 11.61; 13.51; 15.31; 9.61 | NR | NR |
| Wald et al[59], 2010 | South Korea | 2000 | Self-report (12 mo) | < 29; 30-44; 45-59; > 60; | 18.11; 15.61; 16.91; 14.11 | NR | NR |
| Jun et al[58], 2006 | South Korea | 1029 | Self-report (3 mo) | 15-19; 20-29; 30-39; 40-49; 50-59; > 60 | 22; 22; 15; 15; 14; 12 | NR | 0.003 |
| Cheng et al[57], 2003 | Hong Kong | 3282 | Rome II | < 30; 30-39; 40-49; 50-59; > 59 | 14.5; 13.6; 11.8; 13.7; 14.9 | NR | NR |
| Lu et al[56], 2006 | Taiwan | 2018 | Rome II | 20-29; 30-39; 40-49; 50-59; 60-69; 70-79 | 12.2; 7.9; 7.4; 7.1; 10.4; 11.9 | NR | 0.04 |
| Sorouri et al[53], 2010 | Iran | 18180 | Rome III | < 40; 40-60; > 60 | 1.4; 4.7; 4.9 | 1.01 (1, 1.01) | < 0.05 |
| Moezi et al[52], 2018 | Iran | 9264 | Rome IV | 40-59; > 60 | 6.91; 11.91 | 1.55 (1.31, 1.83) | < 0.001 |
| Wald et al[59], 2010 | Argentina | 2000 | Self-report (12 mo) | < 29; 30-44; 45-59; > 60 | 11.61; 12.31; 17.11; 17.31 | NR | NR |
| Wald et al[59], 2010 | Colombia | 2000 | Self-report; (12 mo) | < 29; 30-44; 45-59; > 60 | 19.61; 25.61; 25.31; 25.51 | NR | NR |
| Wald et al[59], 2010 | Brazil | 2000 | Self-report (12 mo) | < 29; 30-44; 45-59; > 60 | 13.91; 17.31; 19.41; 19.01 | NR | NR |
| Howell et al[48], 2006 | Sydney | 1673 | Rome II | 25-34; 35-44; 45-54; 55-64 | 37.8; 27.7; 27.4; 27.6 | NR | 0.03 |
1
Calculated from data published. NR: Not reported; NS: Not significant.