Table 6.

Other demographic/socioeconomic factors and constipation

Ref.	Location	Sample size	Age range (yr)	Definition of constipation	Factor	Variable	Prevalence (%)	Odds ratio (95%CI)	P value
Talley et al[49], 1993	United States	690	30-64	Self-report; Rome I	Marital status	Married; Not married	17.8; 22.1	NR	NR
Chang et al[46], 2007	United States	523	30-64	Rome III	Marital status	Married; Single; Other	17.2; 23.1; 19.1	1.0; 1.27 (0.46, 3.48); 1.07 (0.53, 2.16)	NS
Choung et al[83], 2007	United States	3022	20-95	BDQ	Marital status	Married; Not married	16; 22	0.8 (0.5, 1.2); 1.0	NS
Rey et al[55], 2014	Spain	1500	> 18	Rome III	Marital status	Married; Single; Other	20; 16; 22	NR	NR
Ebling et al[50], 2014	Croatia	658	20-69	Rome III	Marital status; House; hold size	Divorced; Large size	35.7; NR	2.91; 1.19	0.039; 0.01
Sorouri et al[53], 2010	Iran	18180	NR	Rome III	Marital status	Married; Single; Widowed; Divorced	3.5; 0.7; 8.8; 12.5	NR	NR
Moezi et al[52], 2018	Iran	9264	40-75	Rome IV	Marital status	Divorced or Widowed	12.9	NR	< 0.001
Pare et al[45], 2000	Canada	1149	> 18	Self-report (3 mo)	Work status	Employed; Unemployed; Retired	27.2; 23.4; 25.5	NR	NR
Pare et al[45], 2000	Canada	1149	> 18	Rome I	Work status	Employed; Unemployed; Retired	16.3; 9.2; 15.0	NR	NR
Pare et al[45], 2000	Canada	1149	> 18	Rome II	Work status	Employed; Unemployed; Retired	14.1; 5.7; 16.2	NR	NR
Talley et al[49], 1993	United States	690	30-64	Rome I	Work status	Employed; Unemployed	20.1; 12.0	NR	NR
Enck et al[75], 2016	Germany	15002	> 18	Self-report (12 mo)	Work status	Full-time; Part-time; Unemployed	10.81; 13.31; 18.31	NR	< 0.001
Drossman et al[44], 1993	United States	5430	> 15	Rome I	Ethnicity	White; Other	NR	0.54 (0.3, 0.9)	NR

¹Calculated from data published.

NR: Not reported; NS: Not significant; BDQ: Bowel disease questionnaire (similar to Rome criteria).