Table 8.
Smoking and constipation
| Ref. | Location | Sample size | Age range (yr) | Definition of constipation | Smoking status | Prevalence (%) | Odds ratio (95%CI) | P value |
| Choung et al[65], 2012 | United States | 2853 | > 20 | Rome II | Current smoker | 26.3 | NR | NS |
| Choung et al[83], 2007 | United States | 7805 | 20-95 | BDQ | Non-smoker; Smoker | 16; 20 | 1.00; 1.40 (0.7, 2.7) | NS |
| Talley et al[49], 1993 | United States | 690 | 30-64 | Rome I | No cigarettes; > 15/d | 20.9; 12.3 | 4.7 (1.6, 13.7) | < 0.05 |
| Chang et al[46], 2007 | United States | 523 | 30-64 | Rome III | Never; Current; Past; Ever | 18.9; 17.3; 17.0; 17.1 | 1.0; 0.90 (0.47, 1.73); 0.88 (0.53, 1.45); 0.89 (0.57, 1.39) | NS |
| Haug et al[71], 2002 | Norway | 62651 | > 20 | Self-report (12 mo) | Non-smoker; Smoker | NR; NR | 1.00; 0.83 | NR |
| Papatheodoridis et al[51], 2010 | Greece | 1000 | 15-64 | Rome III or self-report (12 mo) | Active; Inactive | 16; 16 | NR | 0.98 |
| Lu et al[56], 2006 | Taiwan | 2018 | > 20 | Rome II | Non-smoker; Smoker | 8.81; 6.51 | NR | NS |
1
Calculated from data published.
NR: Not reported; NS: Not significant; BDQ: Bowel disease questionnaire (similar to Rome criteria).