Table 1. Findings From Observational Studies on the Association of Time During Opioid Agonist Treatment (OAT) and Out of OAT With All-Cause Mortality According to Demographic, Clinical, and Study-Level Variables.
| Strata | References | No. of studies | Person-years | CMR per 1000 person-years during OAT (95% CI) | I2, % | CMR per 1000 person-years out of OAT (95% CI) | I2, % | Rate ratio (95% CI) | I2, % | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| During OAT | Out of OAT | |||||||||||
| Participant characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Women | 38, 39, 41, 42, 45, 49, 50, 57, 58, 61, 63, 65, 69, 70 | 14 | 204 366 | 237 402 | 9.56 (7.30-12.53) | 94 | 15.49 (11.62-20.65) | 97 | 0.56 (0.45-0.69) | 77 | ||
| Men | 38, 39, 41, 42, 45, 49, 50, 57, 58, 61, 63, 65, 69, 70 | 14 | 254 166 | 253 977 | 9.85 (7.00-13.86) | 98 | 23.32 (16.10-33.78) | 99 | 0.45 (0.38-0.53) | 80 | ||
| Age, y | ||||||||||||
| <35 | 38, 39, 41, 42, 45, 49, 50, 57, 58, 61, 63, 69, 70 | 13 | 255 219 | 301 704 | 6.09 (3.72-9.97) | 98 | 13.69 (10.65-17.60) | 97 | 0.48 (0.34-0.68) | 93 | ||
| ≥35 | 38, 39, 41, 42, 45, 49, 50, 57, 58, 61, 63, 69, 70 | 13 | 194 443 | 190 105 | 14.27 (10.86-18.75) | 95 | 28.74 (22.41-36.85) | 97 | 0.48 (0.38-0.61) | 88 | ||
| People who inject drugs | 49, 50, 61, 63, 69 | 5 | 144 795 | 125 822 | 14.31 (8.08-25.37) | 98 | 27.56 (17.39-43.70) | 97 | 0.52 (0.28-0.94) | 96 | ||
| People who do not inject drugs | 49, 50, 61, 69 | 4 | 75 134 | 90 922 | 6.83 (3.88-12.04) | 83 | 10.36 (5.24-20.48) | 89 | 0.32 (0.09-1.17) | 91 | ||
| HIV positive | 41, 49, 50, 61, 63, 64, 69 | 7 | 35 878 | 35 697 | 33.72 (25.26-45.02) | 93 | 58.46 (49.58-68.94) | 80 | 0.56 (0.38-0.82) | 92 | ||
| HCV positive | 49, 50, 57, 61, 63, 69 | 6 | 37 100 | 30 641 | 14.41 (6.81-30.50) | 98 | 28.28 (11.83-67.63) | 99 | 0.53 (0.36-0.77) | 85 | ||
| Treatment administrator | ||||||||||||
| Specialist | 34, 36, 39, 41-44, 49, 61, 63, 67, 69 | 12 | 108 200 | 53 796 | 13.41 (9.75-18.45) | 97 | 34.54 (28.91-41.19) | 90 | 0.39 (0.28-0.54) | 93 | ||
| General practitioner, mixed, or other | 35, 38, 39, 41, 42, 45, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 62, 64, 68, 69 | 16 | 507 753 | 643 343 | 9.09 (7.48-11.05) | 95 | 20.98 (16.02-27.47) | 99 | 0.47 (0.41-0.55) | 85 | ||
| Geographic coverage | ||||||||||||
| Single clinic | 35, 44, 49, 53, 59 | 5 | 13 347 | 15 021 | 15.98 (8.29-30.81) | 90 | 29.48 (13.41-64.79) | 98 | 0.50 (0.23-1.07) | 89 | ||
| City or state | 38, 42, 43, 50, 52, 54, 56-58, 63, 65-69 | 15 | 579 229 | 653 601 | 10.20 (8.22-12.65) | 98 | 21.79 (16.22-29.29) | 0.48 (0.42-0.54) | 85 | |||
| National | 34, 36, 39, 41, 45, 48, 55, 61, 62, 64 | 10 | 277 189 | 336 357 | 0.40 (0.31-0.51) | 88 | 23.93 (18.55-30.86) | 96 | 0.40 (0.31-0.51) | 88 | ||
| GBD region | ||||||||||||
| Australasia | 54-59 | 6 | 304 121 | 372 567 | 5.96 (5.69-6.24) | 0 | 9.54 (8.18-11.12) | 90 | 0.57 (0.47-0.70) | 78 | ||
| East Asia | 61-64 | 4 | 195 303 | 284 522 | 8.00 (4.37-14.66) | 86 | 32.09 (15.84-65.02) | 97 | 0.24 (0.10-0.58) | 91 | ||
| Europe | 34-36, 38, 39, 41-45, 48-50, 52, 53 | 15 | 119 889 | 79 458 | 15.06 (10.85-20.91) | 97 | 29.20 (21.62-39.45) | 97 | 0.50 (0.38-0.64) | 89 | ||
| North America | 65-69 | 5 | 250 452 | 268 433 | 10.72 (7.98-14.41) | 95 | 29.03 (19.72-42.73) | 99 | 0.40 (0.34-0.46) | 60 | ||
| Death verification | ||||||||||||
| Comprehensive death registers | 34-36, 38, 39, 41-45, 49, 50, 52, 54, 56-59, 61-63, 66, 68, 69 | 24 | 658 065 | 718 992 | 9.68 (7.82-11.98) | 98 | 21.93 (17.10-26.77) | 99 | 0.47 (0.42-0.54) | 89 | ||
| Other death verification | 48, 53, 55, 64, 65, 67 | 6 | 211 700 | 285 987 | 22.68 (12.80-40.18) | 97 | 49.11 (23.79-101.36) | 98 | 0.41 (0.26-0.66) | 86 | ||
Abbreviations: CMR, crude mortality rate; GBD, Global Burden of Disease; HCV, hepatitis C virus.