FIGURE 1.

Tryptophan metabolites are altered in early CVD in CKD. Tryptophan catabolism to kynurenine and other downstream metabolites represented in oval shapes; enzymes in this pathway: tryptamine dioxygenase (TDO); IDO1, kynureninase (Kyn); kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT); kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO); 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid dioxygenase (3-HAA dioxygenase); metabolites that are decreased in the new-onset CVD are represented in green ovals and enzymes that potentially altered are represented in red boxes. (Adapted from Figure 1 in Badawy et al. [7].)