Table 1.
Baseline demographics and lab characteristics of the three CVD groups
| Variables | No CVD | Old CVD | Incident CVD | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 46 | 92 | 46 | |
| Age, years | 55.3 ± 12.1 | 57.1 ± 12.8 | 54.2 ± 12.5 | 0.421 |
| Female, % | 31 (32.6) | 63 (31.5) | 31 (32.6) | 0.988 |
| Race, % | 0.735 | |||
| Black | 10 (21.7) | 27 (29.4) | 10 (21.7) | |
| White | 31 (67.4) | 58 (63.0) | 33 (71.8) | |
| Others | 5 (10.9) | 7 (7.6) | 3 (6.5) | |
| Diabetes | 16 (34.8) | 34 (37.0) | 16 (34.8) | 0.954 |
| Weight, kg | 90.0 ± 25.2 | 90.4 ± 25.4 | 64.6 ± 25.4 | 0.599 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 32.5 ± 8.3 | 32.0 ± 8.4 | 33.4 ± 7.6 | 0.652 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 132 ± 18 | 139 ± 23 | 134 ± 19 | 0.19 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 72 ± 12 | 75 ± 12 | 75 ± 14 | 0.302 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 185 ± 38 | 168 ± 51 | 197 ± 58 | 0.005 |
| HDL, mg/dL | 48 ± 13 | 45 ± 15 | 45 ± 13 | 0.365 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 193 ± 124 | 171 ± 123 | 216 ± 127 | 0.134 |
| Current smokers, % | 5 (10.9) | 16 (17.4) | 7 (15.2) | 0.603 |
| Serum albumin, g/dL | 4.03 ± 0.5 | 3.68 ± 0.7 | 3.92 ± 0.5 | 0.012 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dLa | 0.32 (0.08–0.62) | 0.45 (0.15–1.30) | 0.41 (0.20–0.94) | 0.017 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 1.57 ± 0.77 | 1.57 ± 0.75 | 1.75 ± 0.90 | 0.438 |
| eGFR, mL/min | 54 ± 29 | 52 ± 26 | 53 ± 32 | 0.945 |
| UPC, g/g creatinine | 0.39 (0.16–1.09) | 0.4 (0.1–1.85) | 2.69 (0.4–5.64) | 0.003 |
| Medications(%) | ||||
| Statin | 26 (56.5) | 53 (57.6) | 18 (39.1) | 0.102 |
| Diuretic | 16 (34.8) | 54 (58.7) | 29 (63.0) | 0.01 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 18 (39.1) | 30 (32.6) | 16 (34.8) | 0.75 |
| β-blockers | 15 (32.6) | 53 (57.6) | 19 (41.3) | 0.014 |
| ACEI/ARB/RB | 33 (71.7) | 55 (59.8) | 32 (69.6) | 0.295 |
| Other BP medication | 8 (17.4) | 29 (31.5) | 9 (19.6) | 0.121 |
| CKD stage, % | 0.111 | |||
| Stage 1 | 9(19.6) | 11 (12.0) | 9 (19.6) | |
| Stage 2 | 6 (13.0) | 15 (16.3) | 7 (15.2) | |
| Stage 3 | 21 (45.7) | 48 (52.2) | 12 (26.1) | |
| Stage 4 | 9 (19.6) | 17 (18.5) | 15 (32.6) | |
| Stage 5 | 1 (2.2) | 1 (1.1) | 3 (6.5) | |
| Tryptophan metabolites, μM | ||||
| Tryptophan | 76.2 ± 25.8 | 74.6 ± 24.7 | 51.5 ± 24.1b | 5.20E-07 |
| Kynurenine | 5.2 ± 2.5 | 5.1 ± 2.2 | 3.8 ± 2.1b | 0.003 |
| Quinolinic acida | 0.24 (0.21–0.26) | 0.22 (0.21–0.25) | 0.23 (0.21–0.26) | 0.33 |
| Kynurenine to tryptophan ratio | 0.07 ± 0.04 | 0.08 ± 0.04 | 0.07 ± 0.04 | 0.356 |
| Hydroxykynurenine, nM | 95.7 ± 30.4 | 104.1 ± 37.2 | 101.2 ± 40.2 | 0.458 |
| Kynurenic acid, nMa | 0.8 (0.3–1.7) | 0.8 (0.4–1.8) | 0.7 (0.2–1.8) | 0.77 |
| Anthranilic acid, μM | 0.27 ± 0.02 | 0.28 ± 0.03 | 0.27 ± 0.02 | 0.791 |
| 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, nM | 67.0 ± 75.6 | 73.9 ± 69.0 | 67.6 ± 60.5 | 0.808 |
Values are mean and SD or counts and relative frequency.
a
UPC, C-reactive protein, quinolinic acid and kynureninc acid are presented as median and interquartile range.
b
Compared with other CVD groups.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; UPC, urine protein creatinine ratio; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; RB, renin blocker.