Table 2.
Study and socio-demographic characteristics, mental health disorders scores and WHOQOL-Bref scores of respondents belonging to the clinical group of refugees
| Carlsson, Mortensen et al. (2006) [56] | Huijts et al. (2012) [57] | Opaas & Varvin (2015) [58] | Teodorescu et al. (2012) [59] | Carlsson et al. (2005) [60] | Carlsson et al. (2010) [61] | Carlsson, Olsen et al. (2006) [62] | Kinzie et al. (2012) [63] | Opaas et al. (2016) [64] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study characteristics | |||||||||
| Study location | Copenhagen, Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims (RCT), Denmark | Foundation Centrum ‘45, Oegstgeest, The Netherlands | Two general mental health outpatient clinics and six psychotherapists in publicly funded individual practices, Oslo (Norway) | Outpatient departments of four hospitals from South- Eastern Norway | Copenhagen, Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims (RCT), Denmark | Copenhagen, Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims (RCT), Denmark | Copenhagen, Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims (RCT), Denmark | Refugee clinic, Oregon (USA) | Specialist mental health outpatient services with public funding, Norway |
| Recruiting method | direct recruitment method | direct recruitment method | direct recruitment method | direct recruitment method | direct recruitment method | direct recruitment method | direct recruitment method | direct recruitment method | direct recruitment method |
| Year of data collection | 1 Jan 2001–15 May 2002 | 2003–2010 | 2006–2009 | 1 Nov 2008- Nov 2009 | 2001–2002 | 1 Jan 2001–15 May 2002 | 1991–1994 | Feb 2009- Jan 2010 | 2006–2009 |
| SAMPLE characteristics | |||||||||
| Size | 63 | 335 | 54 | 55 | 55 | 45 | 139 | 22 | 51–49 |
| Gender (n, %) | |||||||||
| Male | 63 (100%) | 251 (74.9%) | 35 (64.8%) | 32 (58%) | 40 (72.7%) | 30 (66.7%) | 126 (90.6%) | 9 (41%) | 33 (64.7%) |
| Female | – | 84 (25.1%) | 19 (35.2%) | 23 (42%) | 15 (27.3%) | 15 (33.3%) | 13 (9.4%) | 13 (59%) | 18 (35.3%) |
| Age mean (SD) | 37.8 (8.11) | 41.9 | 39.3 (8.2) | 42 (8.6) | – | 39.2 (9.38) | 44.7 (8.48) | 48 (−) | 39.4 (8.0) |
| Marital status (n, %) | |||||||||
| Married | 50 (79.4%) | – | 35 (64.8%) | 32 (58.2%) | 43 (78.2%) | 37 (82.2%) | 87 (62.6%) | – | 34 (66.7%) |
| Non married (a) | 13 (20.6%) | – | 19 (35.2%) | 23 (41.8%) | 12 (21.8%) | 8 (17.8%) | 52 (37.4%) | – | 17 (33.3%) |
| Country of origin | Diverse | Diverse | Diverse | Diverse | Diverse | Diverse | Diverse | Diverse | Diverse |
| Country of destination | Denmark | The Netherlands | Norway | Norway | Denmark | Denmark | Denmark | USA | Norway |
| Duration of stay in years | – | 12.8 (4.73) | 10.5 (6.5) | 16.7 (7.1) | – | 5.8 (4.98) | 4.9 (−) | – | 11.2 (6.3) |
| Unemployed | – | – | 42 (77.8%) | 31 (59.6%) | – | – | 103 (73.9%) after 10 years | majority | 40 (78.4%) |
| HSCL-25 | |||||||||
| ANXIETY mean (SD) | 2.90 (0.67) | – | 2.89 (0.59) | – | 2.84 | 2.82 (0.73) | 2.26 (0.74) | – | 2.87 (0.59) |
| Above cut-off | 91.9% | – | 96.2% | 94.5% (x) | 87.3% | – | 74.1% | – | 96% |
| DEPRESSION mean (SD) | 2.91 (0.63) | – | 2.94 (0.54) | 2.7 (0.64) | 2.88 | 2.81 (0.67) | 2.25 (0.70) | 100% (Center for Epidemiological Studies—Depression Scale) | 2.94 (0.52) |
| Above cut-off | 93.5% | – | 98.1% | 93% | 92.7% | – | 69.1% | 98% | |
| HTQ - PTSD | |||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 3.06 (0.53) | 2.91 (0.57) | 2.82 (0.47) | – | 2.93 | 2.91 (0.60) | 2.61 (0.68) | – | 2.82 (0.47) |
| Above the cut-off | 88.9% | 85% | 78,8% | 80% (IESR) | 78.2% | – | 56.1% | 77.3% (SPRINT) | 81.6% |
| HRQOL mean(SD) | |||||||||
| Physical health | 25.57 (20.03) | 38 (−) | 28.5 (13.8) | 32.5 (14.7) | 29.55 (−) | 30.19 (20.32) | 46.28 (21.65) | 31 (−) | 28.2 (13.8) |
| Psychological health | 27.52 (19.87) | 44 (−) | 25.6 (15.9) | 34.6 (15.5) | 31.04 (−) | 32.94 (19.84) | 42.70 (22.55) | 31 (−) | 25.3 (15.7) |
| Social relationships | 39.66 (25.12) | 44 (−) | 36.6 (23.4) | 43.4 (19.7) | 41.59 (−) | 42.13 (23.84) | 46.55 (24.61) | – | 35.0 (21.7) |
| Environment domain | 39.87 (19.00) | 50 (−) | 45.2 (18.2) | 43.1 (15.1) | 39.03 (−) | 37.78 (17.81) | 49.44 (19.53) | 47 (−) | 45.0 (18.5) |
WHOQOL-Bref, World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment in its short version, scaled 1–100, with domains for physical health, psychological health, environmental and social relationship. Mean scores are Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) to measure anxiety (items 1–10) and depression (items 11–25), cutoff score 1.75; Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) part IV (items 1–16) to measure PTSD, cutoff score 2.5. For HSCL-25 and HTQ mean scores and percentage of individuals scoring above the cutoff are outlined, for the WHOQOL-Bref just the mean score and, when available, the standard error
Unemployment was not reported when for “employed” the authors considered the participant taking part in language courses, job training, education and having an actual job
Education was not reported due to the heterogeneity on how education levels were reported
If the mental status has not been assessed with the HTQ or the HSCL-25, in parenthesis it is outlined the name of the other evaluation tool used for the purpose or “x” in case it was not specified
(a) “non-married” comprises single, divorced and widowed