Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Cohort
| Variable | All Patients (N = 24,221) | ACEI/ARB |
AA |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Users (n = 14,912) | Nonusers (n = 9,309) | Users (n = 4,092) | Nonusers (n = 20,129) | ||
| Age, y | |||||
| <45 | 1.9 (452) | 2.0 (295) | 1.7 (157) | 3.7 (152) | 1.5 (300) |
| 45-54 | 8.1 (1,968) | 8.2 (1,220) | 8.0 (748) | 11.3 (461) | 7.5 (1,507) |
| 55-64 | 34.2 (8,287) | 35.7 (5,322) | 31.9 (2,965) | 41.1 (1,683) | 32.8 (6,604) |
| 65-74 | 35.3 (8,538) | 35.1 (5,239) | 35.4 (3,299) | 31.6 (1,295) | 36.0 (7,243) |
| 75-84 | 17.0 (4,116) | 16.1 (2,406) | 18.4 (1,710) | 10.9 (444) | 18.2 (3,672) |
| ≥85 | 3.6 (860) | 2.9 (430) | 4.6 (430) | 1.4 (57) | 4.0 (803) |
| Male sex | 96.6 (23,395) | 97.2 (14,492) | 95.6 (8,903) | 97.1 (3,972) | 96.5 (19,423) |
| Race | |||||
| White | 76.6 (18,545) | 75.2 (11,218) | 78.7 (7,327) | 70.9 (2,903) | 77.7 (15,642) |
| Black | 21.3 (5,165) | 22.7 (3,379) | 19.2 (1,786) | 27.0 (1,106) | 20.2 (4,059) |
| Other | 2.1 (511) | 2.1 (315) | 2.1 (196) | 2.0 (83) | 2.1 (428) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | |||||
| Underweight (< 18.5) | 0.8 (186) | 0.6 (84) | 1.1 (102) | 0.6 (25) | 0.8 (161) |
| Normal (≥ 18.5-25) | 16.9 (4,090) | 15.8 (2,353) | 18.7 (1,737) | 16.8 (688) | 16.9 (3,402) |
| Overweight (≥ 25-30) | 29.2 (7,068) | 28.5 (4,253) | 30.2 (2,815) | 29.1 (1,189) | 29.2 (5,879) |
| Obese (≥ 30-35) | 25.0 (6,051) | 25.3 (3,766) | 24.5 (2,285) | 24.3 (993) | 25.1 (5,058) |
| Severely obese (≥ 35) | 28.2 (6,826) | 29.9 (4,456) | 25.5 (2,370) | 29.3 (1,197) | 28.0 (5,629) |
| Socioeconomic status | |||||
| Tobacco use | 62.1 (15,048) | 62.3 (9,288) | 61.9 (5,760) | 62.9 (2,572) | 62.0 (12,476) |
| Alcohol use | 11.1 (2,687) | 11.1 (1,657) | 11.1 (1,030) | 14.2 (582) | 10.5 (2,105) |
| Income ($/y) | 49,886 (17,439) | 49,628 (17,215) | 50,299 (17,785) | 49,378 (16,872) | 49,989 (17,551) |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married | 48.7 (11,805) | 48.0 (7,162) | 49.9 (4,643) | 46.4 (1,900) | 49.2 (9,905) |
| Divorced | 29.9 (7,240) | 30.4 (4,529) | 29.1 (2,711) | 31.7 (1,298) | 29.5 (5,942) |
| Single | 13.7 (3,324) | 14.3 (2,132) | 12.8 (1,192) | 15.7 (641) | 13.3 (2,683) |
| Widowed | 7.6 (1,852) | 7.3 (1,089) | 8.2 (763) | 6.2 (253) | 7.9 (1,599) |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Asthma | 5.4 (1,315) | 5.4 (807) | 5.5 (508) | 5.6 (230) | 5.4 (1,085) |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 34.0 (8,239) | 34.1 (5,082) | 33.9 (3,157) | 38.3 (1,568) | 33.1 (6,671) |
| CHD | 0.6 (146) | 0.5 (81) | 0.7 (65) | 0.4 (17) | 0.6 (129) |
| CHF | 68.7 (16,636) | 73.4 (10,947) | 61.1 (5,689) | 90.5 (3,705) | 64.2 (12,931) |
| Cirrhosis | 7.3 (1,780) | 6.3 (933) | 9.1 (847) | 11.8 (483) | 6.4 (1,297) |
| CKD | 35.0 (8,468) | 32.6 (4,867) | 38.7 (3,601) | 36.3 (1,486) | 34.7 (6,982) |
| COPD | 38.6 (9,358) | 36.8 (5,492) | 41.5 (3,866) | 37.8 (1,546) | 38.8 (7,812) |
| Diabetes | 52.7 (12,771) | 55.8 (8,326) | 47.7 (4,445) | 55.2 (2,257) | 52.2 (10,514) |
| Hypertension | 90.6 (21,944) | 93.3 (13,919) | 86.2 (8,025) | 90.8 (3,716) | 90.6 (18,228) |
| ILD | 0.7 (164) | 0.6 (85) | 0.8 (79) | 0.4 (15) | 0.7 (149) |
| MI, PCI, or CABG | 41.7 (10,103) | 43.3 (6,460) | 39.1 (3,643) | 46.5 (1,901) | 40.7 (8,202) |
| OSA | 15.2 (3,685) | 15.3 (2,280) | 15.1 (1,405) | 17.1 (700) | 14.8 (2,985) |
| Valvular heart disease | 39.4 (9,551) | 37.6 (5,608) | 42.4 (3,943) | 32.9 (1,345) | 40.8 (8,206) |
| Hemodynamics | |||||
| RAP, mm Hg | 12.1 (5.7) | 12.2 (5.6) | 11.9 (5.9) | 13.3 (6.2) | 11.8 (5.5) |
| mPAP, mm Hg | 35.3 (8.5) | 35.3 (8.4) | 35.2 (8.7) | 37.0 (8.7) | 35.0 (8.5) |
| PAWP, mm Hg | 21.5 (7.5) | 22.1 (7.4) | 20.6 (7.6) | 23.6 (7.7) | 21.0 (7.4) |
| Cardiac index, L/min/m2 | 2.4 (0.7) | 2.4 (0.7) | 2.5 (0.7) | 2.2 (0.7) | 2.5 (0.7) |
| PVR, Wood units | 3.0 (2.1) | 2.9 (1.9) | 3.1 (2.3) | 3.1 (2.1) | 2.9 (2.1) |
| MAP, mm Hg | 93.1 (10.2) | 93.6 (10.5) | 92.2 (9.7) | 91.4 (11.3) | 93.4 (10.0) |
| Disease severity | |||||
| Inpatient status | 48.2 (11,685) | 51.5 (7,680) | 43.0 (4,005) | 67.8 (2,036) | 45.5 (9,649) |
| BNP, pg/mL | 1,081 (2,197) | 1,060 (2,111) | 1,119 (2,346) | 1,334 (2,665) | 995 (2,006) |
Values are presented as percent (absolute number), with the exception of income, hemodynamics, and BNP levels, which are presented as mean (SD). AA = aldosterone antagonist; ACEI = angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; BNP = B-type natriuretic peptide; CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting; CHD = congenital heart disease; CHF = congestive heart failure; CKD = chronic kidney disease; ILD = interstitial lung disease; MAP = mean arterial pressure; MI = myocardial infarction; mPAP = mean pulmonary arterial pressure; PAWP = pulmonary artery wedge pressure; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; PVR = pulmonary vascular resistance; RAP = right atrial pressure.