Table 3.
Bivariate Analysis of the Association Between Mothers’ Characteristics and Bypassing of PHC Facilities for ANC.
| Characteristic | Categories | ANC: Number (%) | Delivery: Number (%) | PNC: Number (%) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bypassed | Not bypassed | X2 | Pr | Bypassed | Not bypassed | X2 | Pr | Bypassed | Not bypassed | X2 | Pr | ||
| Municipality of residence | Jirapa | 3(3) | 97 (97) | 23.44 | 0.000 | 7(6.54) | 100(93.46) | 48.057 | 0.000 | 5(4.67) | 102(95.33) | 71.41 | 0.000 |
| Wa | 69(25.37) | 203(74.63) | 120(43.80) | 154(56.20) | 143(51.44) | 135(48.56) | |||||||
| Nature of residential location | Urban | 11(10.28) | 96(89.72) | 14.69 | 0.001 | 27(25.96) | 77(74.04) | 19.54 | 0.000 | 34(31.78) | 73(68.22) | 9.01 | 0.011 |
| Peri-urban | 7(11.48) | 54 (88.52) | 9(14.75) | 52(85.25) | 17(27.42) | 45(72.58) | |||||||
| Rural | 54(26.47) | 150(73.53) | 91(42.13) | 125(57.87) | 97(44.91) | 119(55.09) | |||||||
| Age | 16–25 | 24(17.39) | 114(82.61) | 6.55 | 0.038 | 35(25.36) | 103(74.64) | 8.41 | 0.015 | 38(26.95) | 103(73.05) | 14.17 | 0.001 |
| 26–35 | 43(24.02) | 136(75.98) | 67(35.45) | 122(64.55) | 81(42.86) | 108(57.14) | |||||||
| > 35 | 5 (9.09) | 50(90.91) | 25(46.30) | 29(53.70) | 29(52.73) | 26(47.27) | |||||||
| Religion | Christian | 39(21.91) | 139(78.09) | 4.32 | 0.115 | 63(34.24) | 121(65.76) | 0.1402 | 0.932 | 80(43.24) | 105(56.76) | 4.1472 | 0.126 |
| Islam | 32(18.82) | 138(81.18) | 56(32.37) | 117(67.63) | 58(32.95) | 118(67.05) | |||||||
| Traditional/others | 1(4.17) | 23(95.83) | 8(33.33) | 16(66.67) | 10(41.67) | 14(58.33) | |||||||
| Ethnicity | Waala | 23(20.91) | 87(79.09) | 2.31 | 0.314 | 27(24.11) | 85(75.89) | 25.08 | 0.000 | 30(26.32) | 84(73.68) | 39.01 | 0.000 |
| Dagaaba | 30(16.39) | 153(83.61) | 54(28.88) | 133(71.12) | 62(32.98) | 126(67.02) | |||||||
| Others | 19(24.05) | 60(75.95) | 46(56.10) | 36(43.90) | 56(67.47) | 27(32.53) | |||||||
| Current marital status | Not Married | 1(4.76) | 20(95.24) | 3.036 | 0.081 | 5(21.74) | 18(78.26) | 1.4807 | 0.224 | 7(30.43) | 16(69.57) | 0.66 | 0.416 |
| Married | 71(20.23) | 280(79.77) | 122(34.08) | 236(65.92) | 141(38.95) | 221(61.05) | |||||||
| Education | No formal | 9(9.09) | 90(90.91) | 27.94 | 0.000 | 26(26.53) | 72(73.47) | 21.36 | 0.000 | 33(33.00) | 67(67.00) | 31.42 | 0.000 |
| Primary | 4(6.90) | 54(93.10) | 10(16.67) | 50(83.33) | 11(18.03) | 50(81.97) | |||||||
| JHS | 16(19.75) | 65(80.25) | 25(30.49) | 57(69.51) | 26(31.33) | 57(68.67) | |||||||
| SHS | 18(27.69) | 47(72.31) | 32(47.06) | 36(52.94) | 40(58.82) | 28(41.18) | |||||||
| Tertiary | 25(36.23) | 44(63.77) | 34(46.58) | 39(53.42) | 38(52.05) | 35(47.95) | |||||||
| Occupation | Formal worker | 17(29.82) | 40(70.18) | 17.13 | 0.002 | 29(49.15) | 30(50.85) | 19.30 | 0.001 | 32(54.24) | 27(45.76) | 21.20 | 0.000 |
| Vocation | 21(24.14) | 66(75.86) | 36(40.45) | 53(59.55 | 43(48.31) | 46(51.69) | |||||||
| Trade | 10(18.52) | 44(81.48) | 22(37.93) | 36(62.07) | 23(39.66) | 35(60.34) | |||||||
| Farming | 3(3.95) | 73(96.05) | 13(17.81) | 60(82.19 | 16(20.78) | 61(79.22) | |||||||
| Unemployed | 21(21.43) | 77(78.57) | 27(26.47) | 75(73.53) | 34(33.33) | 68(66.67) | |||||||
| Monthly Mother’s income (GH₵) | Zero | 18(20.93) | 68(79.07) | 9.44 | 0.051 | 23(25.84) | 66(74.16) | 19.58 | 0.001 | 33(36.67) | 57(63.33) | 18.29 | 0.001 |
| 10–100 | 13(12.38) | 92(87.62) | 24(22.86) | 81(77.14) | 25(23.36) | 82(76.64) | |||||||
| 120–350 | 17(24.64) | 52 (75.36) | 25(34.72) | 47(65.28) | 32(43.84) | 41(56.16) | |||||||
| 370–900 | 8(13.79) | 50(86.21) | 31(52.54) | 28(47.46) | 30(50.85) | 29(49.15) | |||||||
| 1000–3000 | 16(29.63) | 38(70.37) | 24(42.86) | 32(57.14) | 28(50.00) | 28(50.00) | |||||||
| Ownership of Car/Motor | No | 28(14.21) | 169(85.79) | 7.09 | 0.008 | 52(25.74) | 150(74.26) | 11.15 | 0.001 | 56(27.45) | 148(72.55) | 22.15 | 0.000 |
| Yes | 44(25.14) | 131(74.86) | 75(41.90) | 104(58.10) | 92(50.83) | 89(49.17) | |||||||
| History of pregnancy | No | 26(22.61) | 89(77.39) | 1.13 | 0.288 | 42(35.00) | 78(65.00) | 0.22 | 0.640 | 47(38.84) | 74(61.16) | 0.01 | 0.913 |
| Yes | 46(17.90) | 211(82.10) | 85(32.57) | 176(67.43) | 101(38.26) | 163(61.74) | |||||||
| Previous pregnancy complications | No | 59(18.27) | 264(81.73) | 1.86 | 0.172 | 115(34.64) | 217(65.36) | 1.98 | 0.159 | 133(39.82) | 201(60.18) | 2.03 | 0.155 |
| Yes | 13(26.53) | 26(73.47) | 12(24.49) | 37(75.51) | 15(29.41) | 36(70.59) | |||||||
| Current pregnancy complications | No | 57(17.48) | 269(82.52) | 5.91 | 0.015 | 113(33.63) | 223(66.37) | 0.11 | 0.736 | 129(38.05) | 210(61.95) | 0.18 | 0.671 |
| Yes | 15(32.61) | 31(67.39) | 14(31.11) | 31(68.89) | 19(41.30) | 27(58.70) | |||||||
| Parity | One Child | 33(23.57) | 107(76.43) | 6.42 | 0.093 | 51(35.17) | 94(64.83) | 0.36 | 0.949 | 62(42.47) | 84(57.53) | 2.56 | 0.464 |
| Two children | 17(18.28) | 76(81.72) | 30(32.26) | 63(67.74) | 33(35.11) | 61(64.89) | |||||||
| Three Children | 16(21.92) | 57(78.08) | 24(32.00) | 51(68.00) | 25(32.89) | 51(67.11) | |||||||
| Four and more | 6(9.09) | 60(90.91) | 22(32.35) | 46(67.65) | 28(40.58) | 41(59.42) | |||||||
| Health status during recent pregnancy | Excellent | 7(23.33) | 23(76.67) | 2.86 | 0.413 | 11(36.67) | 19(63.33) | 2.41 | 0.491 | 12(40.00) | 18(60.00) | 3.22 | 0.358 |
| Very good | 30(21.90) | 107(78.10) | 49(35.00) | 91(65.00) | 49(34.51) | 93(65.49) | |||||||
| Good | 26(15.57) | 141(84.43) | 51(29.65) | 121(70.35) | 67(38.73) | 106(61.27) | |||||||
| Poor | 9(23.68) | 29(76.32 | 16(41.03) | 23(58.97) | 20(50.00) | 20(50.00) | |||||||
| Transport to facility | Walking | 11(5.47) | 190(94.53) | 63.12 | 0.000 | 10(10.87) | 82(89.13) | 42.05 | 0.000 | 13(7.30) | 165(92.70) | 177.40 | 0.000 |
| Public transport | 42(43.75) | 54(56.25) | 85(49.13) | 88(50.87) | 109(81.34) | 25(18.66) | |||||||
| Personal means | 19(25.33) | 56(74.67) | 32(27.59) | 84(72.41) | 26(35.62) | 47(64.38 | |||||||
| Days after current birth | 0-5days | - | - | - | - | 15(21.43) | 15(78.57) | 12.65 | 0.005 | ||||
| 6-10days | 74(39.15) | 115(60.85) | |||||||||||
| 11–39 days | 31(49.21) | 32(50.79) | |||||||||||
| 40 and more days | 28(44.44) | 35(55.56) | |||||||||||
| Mode of delivery | Vaginal | - | - | 108(33.13) | 218(66.87) | 0.0425 | 0.837 | - | - | ||||
| C-section | 19(34.55) | 36(65.45) | |||||||||||
| Total | 72(19.35) | 300(80.65) | 127(33.33) | 254(66.67) | 148(38.44) | 237(61.56) | |||||||