Table 4.

Socio-Economic and Demographic Factors Associated with Bypassing of PHC Facilities for Maternal Care.

Socio-economic predictor	Categories	Model 1 (ANC)			Model 2 (Delivery)			Model 3 (PNC)
		AOR	95 % CI	P>|z|	AOR	95 % CI	P>|z|	AOR	95 % CI	P>|z|
Municipality of residence	Jirapa	Reference
	Wa	8.51	2.19–33.03	0.002	20.20	6.93–58.89	0.000	16.66	4.39–63.30	0.000
Nature of residential location	Urban	Reference
	Peri-urban	0.75	0.25–2.30	0.618	0.35	0.14–0.88	0.026	0.95	0.30–3.00	0.931
	Rural	1.17	0.46–2.99	0.741	1.54	0.76–3.12	0.225	1.36	0.56–3.32	0.499
Age	16–25	Reference
	26–35	1.44	0.61–3.45	0.406	0.97	0.51–1.86	0.935	1.04	0.39–2.75	0.941
	> 35	0.16	0.04–0.54	0.004	2.00	0.81–4.91	0.130	1.59	0.50 - 5.03	0.429
Ethnicity	Waala	Reference
	Dagaaba	-	-	-	2.09	1.06–4.12	0.034	2.73	1.21–6.16	0.016
	Others	-	-	-	3.78	1.79–7.97	0.000	7.39	2.60 -21.05	0.000
Education	No formal	Reference
	Primary	0.64	0.15–2.68	0.544	0.86	0.33–2.32	0.792	0.68	0.18–2.43	0.540
	JHS	1.79	0.58–5.56	0.312	1.32	0.56–3.10	0.527	0.94	0.26–3.41	0.923
	SHS	1.83	0.63–5.33	0.268	1.56	0.68–3.62	0.292	1.27	0.43–3.71	0.664
	Tertiary	6.50	1.40–30.23	0.017	1.42	0.43–4.72	0.564	0.78	0.09–6.58	0.817
Occupation	Formal sector	Reference
	Vocation	3.11	0.81–11.98	0.098	0.46	0.09–2.25	0.340	0.66	0.07–5.72	0.703
	Trade	1.62	0.36–7.20	0.526	0.52	0.10–2.61	0.426	0.33	0.03–3.14	0.335
	Farming	1.15	0.19–6.83	0.875	0.36	0.07–1.91	0.233	0.33	0.04–2.96	0.320
	Unemployed	2.94	0.69–12.47	0.143	0.22	0.04–1.30	0.095	0.66	0.07–6.03	0.710
Monthly Mother’s income (GH₵)	Zero	Reference
	10–100	-	-	-	0.58	0.24–1.41	0.234	0.33	0.12–0.90	0.031
	120–350	-	-	-	0.38	0.12–1.19	0.097	0.64	0.22–1.89	0.422
	370–900	-	-	-	0.47	0.14–1.55	0.214	0.33	0.08 1.42	0.137
	1000–3000	-	-	-	0.20	0.03–1.10	0.064	0.35	0.04–3.04	0.344
Ownership of Car/Motor	No	Reference
	Yes	2.29	1.06–4.94	0.035	1.78	0.98–3.22	0.056	2.68	1.20–5.99	0.016
Pregnancy complications	No	Reference
	Yes	2.82	1.12–7.15	0.028	-	-	-	-	-	-
Transport to facility	Walking	Reference
	Public	10.41	4.39–24.65	0.000	2.35	0.94–5.89	0.068	31.41	12.08–81.65	0.000
	Personal	2.34	0.87–6.30	0.092	2.60	0.88–7.67	0.084	5.15	1.52–17.44	0.008
Days after current birth	0-5days	Reference
	6-10days	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.55	0.54–4.46	0.413
	11–39 days	-	-	-	-	-	-	4.20	1.18–15.01	0.027
	40 + days	-	-	-	-	-	-	2.99	0.80–11.19	0.103
Constant		0.0017	0.00–0 0.02	0.000	0.026	0.00–0.28	0.002	0.004	0.00–0.07	0.000
Observations		372			381			385
Prob > chi2		0.000			0.000			0.000
Pseudo R2		0.3711			0.2868			0.5473
Log pseudolikelihood		-114.93819			-172.96563			-116.11477