Table 5.

The Cost of Bypassing PHC facilities for Maternal Care.

Cost item	Full sample		By-passers		Non by-passers		Difference in Means Mean (bypass)-Mean (non-bypass)		T-test
	Mean GH₵1	95 % CI GH₵	Mean GH₵	95 %CI GH₵	Mean GH₵	95 %CI GH₵	Mean GH₵	95 %CI GH₵	t	P r (T > t)
ANC
Transportation	12.46	10.06–14.87	24.5	18.50–30.50	9.58	7.05–12.10	14.92	9.01–20.83	4.96	0.0000
Living expenses	7.13	5.42–8.83	11.30	7.37–15.24	6.12	4.23–8.014	5.18	0.88–9.48	2.37	0.0092
Medical expenses	63.39	53.73–73.05	75.51	53.07–97.95	60.48	49.75–71.22	15.030	-9.40–39.45	1.21	0.1135
Other expenses	10.95	8.55–13.35	17.57	10.32–24.81	9.37	6.96–11.77	8.20	2.17–14.23	2.68	0.0039
Total	93.94	80.73-107.15	128.89	95.96–161.81	85.55	71.26–99.83	43.34	10.15–76.53	2.57	0.0053
Observations	372		72		300
Delivery
Transportation	22.00	18.33–25.67	30.59	23.87–37.31	17.71	13.41- 22.00	12.88	5.19–20.57	3.29	0.0005
Living expenses	14.66	11.90-17.42	24.49	18.57–30.41	9.75	7.02–12.48	14.74	9.07–20.41	5.11	0.0000
Medical expenses	44.95	35.14–54.75	97.52	73.03–122.00	18.66	12.52–24.80	78.86	59.61–98.10	8.06	0.0000
Other expenses	13.96	10.44–17.47	17.70	11.09–24.31	12.09	7.97–16.21	5.61	-1.83–13.06	1.48	0.07
Total	95.57	81.87 -109.27	170.30	140.64- 199.96	58.20	46.25–70.16	112.09	85.30–138.90	8.22	0.0000
Observations	381		127		254
PNC
Transportation	6.41	5.07–7.74	14.83	11.89–17.77	1.15	0.69–1.60	13.68	11.30–16.06	11.30	0.0000
Living expenses	4.13	2.92–5.35	9.82	6.98–12.67	0.59	0.09–1.08	9.24	6.92–11.56	7.83	0.0000
Medical expenses	32.43	23.07–41.79	77.78	55.35 - 100.21	4.11	2.20–6.02	73.67	55.89–91.46	8.15	0.0000
Other expenses	1.64	0.93–2.34	3.49	1.73–5.26	0.48	0.23–0.73	3.02	1.59–4.44	4.17	0.0000
Total	44.61	33.34–55.89	105.93	79.52–132.35	6.32	4.07–8.57	44.61	33.33–55.90	9.35	0.0000
Observations	385		148		237

¹Exchange rate of approximately 1US$= GH₵5.68 as at January, 2020