Table 1.
Participant demographics
| Stages 1 and 2 (≥60 mL/min) | Stage 3 (30–59 mL/min) | Stages 4 and 5 (<29 mL/min) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, n | 0.47 | |||
| Male | 7 | 6 | 5 | |
| Female | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Age (years) | 55 (9.8) | 61 (6.4) | 62 (7.3) | 0.13 |
| T2DM duration (years) | 14 (6.3) | 13 (7.6) | 17 (7) | 0.10 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 33.5 (5.6) | 33.7 (5.9) | 38.9 (6.3) | 0.37 |
| HbA1c | 0.88 | |||
| % | 8.01 (2.1) | 7.85 (1.8) | 7.5 (2.1) | |
| mmol/mol | 64.16 (22.8) | 62.5 (19.4) | 58.9 (23.5) | |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.84 (1.5) | 11.32 (1.4) | 11.67 (1.1) | 0.72 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 35.13 (4.3) | 34.51 (4.6) | 34.39 (4.1) | 0.92 |
| Neuropathy, n | 0.88 | |||
| Yes | 5 | 5 | 5 | |
| No | 4 | 4 | 4 | |
| Whole-body lean mass (kg) | 59.24 (10.1) | 55.64 (14.7) | 57.08 (9) | 0.80 |
| Whole-body fat (%) | 36.1 (5.4) | 34.1 (7.9) | 40.2 (8.4) | 0.27 |
| Trunk fat (%) | 38.7 (6.3) | 38.3 (7.7) | 43.4 (7) | 0.78 |
| Bone mineral density (SD [z score] from young adult mean) | 1.23 (0.16) | 1.23 (0.16) | 1.20 (0.17) | 0.52 |
| Lipid profile (mg/dL) | ||||
| HDL | 37.9 (14.3) | 36.1 (9.3) | 39.5 (14.6) | 0.86 |
| LDL | 70 (25.7) | 74.9 (16.3) | 80.8 (37.9) | 0.84 |
| Total cholesterol | 152 (44.3) | 146.4 (22.3) | 144.9 (45.3) | 0.92 |
| Triglycerides | 204.6 (150.8) | 175.8 (163.5) | 122.5 (50.2) | 0.39 |
| OGTT AUC (mg/dL/3 h) | 40,180 (10,911) | 47,394 (11,510) | 39,752 (12,010) | 0.37 |
| HOMA (mass units) | 5.9 (3.8) | 3.8 (3.1) | 3.8 (3.6) | 0.5 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 18 (2.95) | 31.2 (6.55) | 58.2 (21) | <0.001* ^ # |
| ACR (μg/mg) | 279 (530) | 729 (1,100) | 1,086 (790) | 0.16 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 87.8 (20.1) | 46.3 (7.4) | 18.9 (7.6) | <0.01* ^ # |
| Diabetes medication, n | ||||
| Biguanides/sulfonylureas | 4 | 5 | 0 | 0.014 |
| Insulin (short and/or long acting) | 3 | 2 | 4 | 0.23 |
| DPP-4/SGLT2 inhibitors | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.534 |
Data are mean (SD) unless otherwise indicated. Participant demographics were compared using one-way ANOVA, and Fisher exact test was used for sex distribution and peripheral neuropathy status between groups. AUC, area under the curve; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4; SGLT2, sodium–glucose cotransporter 2.
*
P < 0.05, post hoc pairwise comparison between stages 1 and 2 and stage 3.
^
P < 0.05, post hoc pairwise comparison between stages 1 and 2 and stages 4 and 5.
#
P < 0.05, post hoc pairwise comparison between stage 3 and stages 4 and 5.