Table 2.
Risk bias assessment of individual studies included for meta-analysis on prevalence of hepatitis B and C in Africa
| Wow | Year of publication | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q6 | Q7 | Q8 | Q9 | Total score | Risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Desalegn et al. [29] | 2013 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | Moderate |
| Ziraba et al. [53] | 2010 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Low |
| Mueller et al. [51] | 2016 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Low |
| Nail et al. [50] | 2008 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | High |
| Abdelwahab et al. [58] | 2012 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 5 | High |
| Braka et al. [28] | 2006 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | Low |
| Djeriri et al. [31] | 2008 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | Low |
| Ngekeng et al. [48] | 2018 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | Moderate |
| Elmaghloub et al. [33] | 2017 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | Moderate |
| Elmukashfi et al. [34] | 2012 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | Moderate |
| Elduma and Saeed [36] | 2006 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | Moderate |
| Fritzsche et al. [59] | 2015 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 | High |
| Gebremariam et al. [38] | 2018 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Low |
| Munier et al. [63] | 2013 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | Moderate |
| Kisangau et al. [57] | 2018 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | Low |
| Jean-Baptiste et al. [61] | 2018 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | Moderate |
| Souly et al. [64] | 2016 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | Moderate |
| Orji et al. [47] | 2020 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | Low |
| Yizengaw et al. [43] | 2018 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Low |
| Ndako et al. [49] | 2014 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 4 | Moderate |
| Elikwu et al. [32] | 2016 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Moderate |
| Geberemicheal et al. [37] | 2013 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | Low |
| Shao et al. [46] | 2018 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | Low |
| Sondlane et al. [45] | 2016 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Low |
| Tatsilong et al. [44] | 2016 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | Low |
| Kateera et al. [65] | 2014 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | Low |
| Elbahrawy et al. [66] | 2017 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | Low |
| Akazong et al. [27] | 2020 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Low |
| Amiwero et al. [67] | 2017 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Low |
| Daw et al. [30] | 2000 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 4 | Moderate |
| Romieu et al. [54] | 1989 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | High |
| Qin et al. [52] | 2018 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Low |
| Elzouki et al. [35] | 2014 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Low |
| Ndongo et al. [56] | 2016 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Low |
| Vardas et al. [68] | 2002 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | Moderate |
| Lungosi et al. [41] | 2018 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | Low |
| Massaquoi et al. [39] | 2018 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | Low |
| Mbaawuaga et al. [40] | 2019 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | Low |
| Sani et al. [69] | 2011 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | High |
| Zayet et al. [72] | 2015 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | High |
| Kefenie et al. [42] | 1989 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | Low |
| El-Sokkary et al. [70] | 2017 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Low |
| Belo et al. [55] | 2000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | Moderate |
| Gyang et al. [73] | 2017 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Low |
The risk of bias was classified as either low (total score, 0 to 2), moderate (total score, 3 or 4), or high (total score, 5 to 9)
Q1 = Was the sample frame appropriate to address the target population?
Q2 = Were study participants sampled in an appropriate way?
Q3 = Was the sample size adequate?
Q4 = Were the study subjects and the setting described in detail?
Q5 = Was the data analysis conducted with sufficient coverage of the identified sample?
Q6 = Were valid methods used for the identification of the condition?
Q7 = Was the condition measured in a standard, reliable way for all participants?
Q8 = Was there appropriate statistical analysis?
Q9 = Was the response rate adequate, and if not, was the low response rate managed appropriately?