Table 2.
Sex differential sensitivity: sex stratified multivariable association model with gait speed (m/s) as dependent variable
| Multivariable model with gait speed (m/s) as dependent variable a | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | Interactionb | |||
| Determinants | Beta | [95 % CI] | Beta | [95 % CI] | P-value |
| Socio-demographic | |||||
| Education | - | - | |||
| Middle vs. low | 0.033 | [ 0.004 – 0.063] | 0.031 | [ 0.008 – 0.054] | 0.94 |
| High vs. low | 0.068 | [ 0.040 – 0.097] | 0.053 | [ 0.027 – 0.080] | 0.49 |
| Lifestyle | |||||
| Alcohol consumption | - | - | |||
| Max 2 per day vs. never | 0.050 | [ 0.017 – 0.083] | 0.013 | [-0.008 – 0.034] | 0.11 |
| 2 + per day vs. never | 0.039 | [ 0.003 – 0.075] | 0.032 | [ 0.001 – 0.063] | 0.73 |
| Smoking status | - | - | |||
| Former vs. never | -0.003 | [-0.035 – 0.029] | 0.008 | [-0.012 – 0.028] | 0.73 |
| Current vs. never | -0.019 | [-0.056 – 0.018] | -0.048 | [-0.079 – − 0.017] | 0.36 |
|
Physical activity (MET hours/week) |
0.0002 | [-0.000 – 0.000] | 0.0004 | [ 0.000 – 0.001] | 0.02 |
|
Sleep problems (range 0–9) |
0.0004 | [-0.005 – 0.006] | 0.005 | [-0.000 – 0.009] | 0.03 |
| Sleep duration | - | - | |||
| Short vs. normal | -0.015 | [-0.043 – 0.014] | 0.015 | [-0.006 – 0.036] | 0.02 |
| Long vs. normal | 0.013 | [-0.011 – 0.037] | 0.002 | [-0.023 – 0.026] | 0.40 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | -0.001 | [-0.005 – 0.002] | -0.006 | [-0.008 – − 0.004] | 0.02 |
| Social | |||||
| Personal network size (n) | 0.002 | [ 0.001 – 0.003] | 0.001 | [-0.000 – 0.002] | 0.11 |
|
Living situation (not alone vs. alone) |
0.022 | [-0.004 – 0.049] | 0.001 | [-0.019 – 0.020] | 0.38 |
| Social participation formal | - | - | - | - | - |
| Up to few times a month vs few/year | 0.012 | [-0.012 – 0.036] | 0.012 | [-0.011 – 0.034] | 0.82 |
| Every week vs. few/year | -0.009 | [-0.032 – 0.015] | 0.012 | [-0.009 – 0.034] | 0.27 |
| Every week up to every …day vs. few/year | 0.053 | [ 0.030 – 0.077] | 0.034 | [ 0.012 – 0.056] | 0.30 |
| Social participation informal (range 0–42) | 0.003 | [ 0.001 – 0.005] | 0.005 | [ 0.003 – 0.007] | 0.13 |
|
Loneliness (Gierveld, range 0–11) |
0.002 | [-0.003 – 0.006] | -0.004 | [-0.007 – 0.000] | 0.55 |
| Health | |||||
| Chronic diseases | - | - | |||
| One vs. none | 0.006 | [-0.019 – 0.030] | -0.013 | [-0.037 – 0.011] | 0.19 |
| Two vs. none | -0.010 | [-0.036 – 0.017] | -0.013 | [-0.039 – 0.014] | 0.61 |
| Three or more vs. none | -0.035 | [-0.065 – 0.005] | -0.034 | [-0.062 – − 0.006] | 0.52 |
| Pain | |||||
| Little vs. no | -0.040 | [-0.067 – − 0.012] | -0.005 | [-0.027 – 0.018] | 0.07 |
| Some vs. no | -0.039 | [-0.077 – − 0.002] | -0.077 | [-0.106 – − 0.049] | 0.07 |
| Much vs. no | -0.115 | [-0.151 – − 0.078] | -0.111 | [-0.135 – − 0.086] | 0.99 |
|
Depressive symptoms (CES-D, range 0–60) |
-0.004 | [-0.006 – − 0.002] | -0.003 | [-0.004 – − 0.002] | 0.22 |
Note: bold = significant (beta p<0.10)
Note: To illustrate: The association of the determinant BMI with gait speed is stronger for older women compared to older men (p=0.02) in a multivariable model. An increase of one unit BMI (kg/m2) is associated with a decrease in gait speed of 0.006 m/s (95 % CI: -0.008 ― -0.004) in older women and of 0.001 m/s (95 % CI: -0.005 - 0.006) in older men.
a Includes birth cohort, age and baseline height and all determinants (column one)
b All interactions of sex*determinant (indicated by row) are individually tested in the full model