Table 3.
Multilevel logistic regression
| Variables | Empty model | Model with individual level variables AOR(95%CI) | Model with the community level variable AOR(95%CI) | Model with individual and community-level variables AOR(95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual -level characteristics(n = 3172) | ||||
| Marital status | ||||
| Never married | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Married | 1.54 (1.07–2.22)* | 1.53 (1.06–2.20)* | ||
| Religion | ||||
| Orthodox | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Muslim | 2.85 (1.79–4.52)* | 2.51 (1.56–4.01)* | ||
| Protestant | 1.40 (0.84–2.31) | 1.36 (0.81–2.25) | ||
| Others | 7.68 (2.59–21.85)* | 7.08 (0.88–19.02) | ||
| Place of residence | ||||
| Urban | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Rural | 0.86 (0.44–1.81) | 1.03 (0.46–2.27) | ||
| Wealth Index | ||||
| Poorer | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Poor | 0.87 (0.64–1.19) | 0.90 (0.66–1.22) | ||
| Middle | 0.92 (0.66–1.27) | 0.95 (0.69–1.32) | ||
| Rich | 0.79 (0.56–1.12) | 0.84 (0.59–1.18) | ||
| Richest | 0.87 (0.57–0.98)* | 0.91 (0.60–1.39) | ||
| Level of education | ||||
| No Education | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Primary education | 0.45 (0.34–0.65)* | 0.48 (0.33–0.71)* | ||
| Secondary and higher education | 0.21 (0.13–0.34)* | 0.22 (0.13–0.35)* | ||
| Employment | ||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 0.85 (0.72–0.99)* | 0.85 (0.72–1.01) | ||
| Currently pregnant | ||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 1.03 (0.76–1.40) | 1.03 (0.76–1.40) | ||
| Currently breastfeeding | ||||
| No | Ref. | |||
| Yes | 0.89 (0.74–0.97)* | 0.89 (0.74–1.08) | ||
| Early childbearing | ||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 1.22 (0.77–1.95) | 1.12 (0.70–1.80) | ||
| Current use of contraceptive | ||||
| No | Ref. | |||
| Yes | 0.47 (0.26–0.85)* | 0.57 (0.32–1.04) | ||
| Nutritional status (BMI) | ||||
| < 18.5 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| 18.5–24.9 | 0.56 (0.44–0.33)* | 0.58 (0.45–0.75)* | ||
| ≥ 25 | 0.38 (0.21–0.69)* | 0.43 (0.32.0.54)* | ||
| Visiting health facility in the last 12 months | ||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 1.15 (0.91–1.33) | 1.10 (0.94–1.30) | ||
| Community-level characteristics(n = 645) | ||||
| Percentage of adolescents with secondary and higher education in the community | ||||
| Low | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| High | 0.64 (0.33–1.23) | 0.61 (0.31–1.19) | ||
| Percentage of married adolescents in the community | ||||
| Low | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| High | 1.52 (0.68–3.38) | 0.79 (0.35–1.77) | ||
| Percentage of adolescents who had childbearing history in the community | ||||
| Low | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| High | 4.12 (1.83–5.24)* | 2.8 (1.25–6.29)* | ||
| Percentage of adolescents who used contraceptives in the community | ||||
| Low | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| High | 0.16 (0.07–0.34)* | 0.31 (0.14–0.69)* | ||
| Measures of variation | ||||
| ICC | 0.29* | 0.23* | 0.25* | 0.21* |
| Model fit statistics | ||||
| DIC (−2log likelihood) | 7054.6 | 6919.68 | 7004.63 | 6904.29 |
AOR Adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval, DIC deviation information criterion, ICC intraclass correlation coefficient, AIC Akaike information criterion. * Significant at P-value < 0.05