Table 5.
The bi-variable and multivariable mixed effect logistic regression analysis of stillbirth among reproductive age women in the 12 East African countries
| Variable | Outcome of birth | Crude Odds Ratio (COR) with 95% CI | Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| live birth | Stillbirth | |||
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 29,872 | 236 | 1 | 1 |
| Rural | 107,359 | 1335 | 1.53 (1.35, 1.75) | 1.29 (0.98, 1.54) |
| Country | ||||
| Kenya | 19,487 | 77 | 1 | 1 |
| Burundi | 13,300 | 311 | 5.66 (4.42, 7.26) | 5.41 (4.17, 7.02)* |
| Ethiopia | 10,939 | 84 | 2.32 (1.73, 3.12) | 2.35 (1.71, 3.22)* |
| Comoros | 3222 | 13 | 1.44 (0.86, 2.41) | 1.45 (0.86, 2.44) |
| Madagascar | 12,524 | 162 | 3.17 (2.42, 4.15) | 3.21 (2.44, 4.22)* |
| Malawi | 17,217 | 178 | 2.36 (1.81, 3.08) | 2.13 (1.61, 2.80)* |
| Mozambique | 11,612 | 92 | 2.18 (1.62, 2.94) | 2.25 (1.65, 3.07)* |
| Rwanda | 7881 | 122 | 4.07 (3.07, 5.41) | 3.22 (2.41, 4.31)* |
| Tanzania | 9891 | 161 | 4.94 (3.81, 6.42) | 4.89 (3.76, 6.36)* |
| Uganda | 15,040 | 230 | 3.91 (3.03, 5.04) | 4.10 (3.17, 5.30)* |
| Zambia | 9745 | 96 | 2.75 (2.06, 3.68) | 3.20 (2.38, 4.31)* |
| Zimbabwe | 6374 | 44 | 1.99 (1.39, 2.86) | 2.13 (1.47, 3.08)* |
| Maternal age | ||||
| 15–24 | 41,168 | 515 | 1 | 1 |
| 25–34 | 65,278 | 792 | 0.98 (0.88, 1.09) | 1.27 (1.11, 1.45)** |
| ≥ 35 | 30,785 | 265 | 0.76 (0.65, 0.87) | 1.19 (1.01, 1.44)* |
| Maternal education | ||||
| No | 33,056 | 392 | 1 | 1 |
| Primary | 72,912 | 898 | 1.01 (0.89, 1.13) | 0.91 (0.80, 1.04) |
| Secondary or above | 31,263 | 281 | 0.76 (0.65, 0.88) | 0.68 (0.56, 0.82)* |
| Respondent occupation status | ||||
| No | 44,237 | 380 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 92,995 | 1192 | 1.31 (1.17, 1.46) | 1.09 (0.96, 1.23) |
| Wealth status | ||||
| Rich | 48,396 | 492 | 1 | 1 |
| Middle | 26,494 | 326 | 1.17 (1.02, 1.35) | 1.09 (0.93, 1.27) |
| Poor | 62,341 | 735 | 1.08 (0.96, 1.21) | 1.07 (1.02, 1.23)* |
| Media exposure | ||||
| yes | 48,162 | 538 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 89,070 | 1032 | 1.29 (1.23, 1.36) | 1.11 (1.01, 1.25* |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 117,235 | 1378 | 1 | 1 |
| Single | 6450 | 32 | 2.43 (1.72, 3.44) | 3.24 (2.27, 4.63)** |
| Divorced/widowed/separated | 13,547 | 161 | 2.39 (1.64, 3.49) | 2.99 (2.04, 4.39)* |
| Place of delivery | ||||
| Home | 37,654 | 350 | 1 | 1 |
| Health facility | 99,577 | 1221 | 1.25 (1.12, 1.41) | 1.05 (0.91, 1.21) |
| Parity | ||||
| 1 | 21,804 | 369 | 1 | 1 |
| 2–4 | 70,872 | 838 | 1.42 (1.31, 1.54) | 0.72 (0.62, 0.84)** |
| ≥ 5 | 44,558 | 343 | 1.77 (1.63, 1.92) | 0.43 (0.34, 0.53)* |
| Number of ANC visit | ||||
| No | 6069 | 58 | 1 | 1 |
| 1–3 | 39,312 | 479 | 1.48 (1.28, 1.71) | 0.91 (0.68, 1.22) |
| ≥ 4 | 91,850 | 1035 | 1.50 (1.30, 1.73) | 0.89 (0.67, 1.18) |
| Mode of delivery | ||||
| Vaginal | 129,345 | 1413 | 1 | 1 |
| Caesarean section | 7887 | 158 | 1.35 (1.24, 1.48) | 1.81 (1.52, 2.15)* |
| Preceding birth interval (in months) | ||||
| 25–48 | 58,023 | 568 | 1 | 1 |
| < 24 | 18,828 | 134 | 1.19 (1.10, 1.28) | 1.15 (1.06, 1.24)* |
| ≥ 49 | 60,380 | 869 | 1.06 (0.99, 1.15) | 1.45 (1.28, 1.65)** |
*p-value < 0.05, ** p-value < 0.01, COR: Crude Odds Ratio, AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio, CI: Confidence Interval